Designing out Crime at Bus Terminals in Nigeria: An Exploratory Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v11i2.6365Keywords:
Bus station, Surrounding environment, Convergence of crime, Feeling of safetyAbstract
Transit stops usually correlate with high human and crime activities. Having obtained information from transport facility managers and users, this study explores crime prevention and perception of safety at Nigerian Bus stations. This study compares and contrasts the perceptions of users and transport service managers in relation to selected bus stations (Ring road and Uselu) in Benin City as a case study. From the perception of the managers, it was believed that both bus stations observed design principles for crime prevention but that of ring road was planned more effectively than Uselu. This suggests that ring road bus stations should be perceived to be safer. Surprisingly, this was not as the users felt the other bus station was slightly safer. An assessment of landuses within 150m radius to each bus station showed that ring road station is someway in close proximity to several landuses likely to generate, attract, and facilitate crime. Hence, we speculate that the activity generated from these landuses may have negatively influenced perceived feeling of safety at this terminal. These findings thus, suggest that the surrounding environment acts to mediate perception of safety and effectiveness of crime prevention strategies of a site. The study therefore, concludes that safety and security planning of a place could be applied better by considering not only the security strategies but also the immediate surrounding environment.
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References
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39. Newton, A. 2008. Study of bus route crime risk in urban areas: The changing environs of a bus journey. Built Environment, 34(1), 88-103.
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41. Page, O., Moeketsi, P., Schurink, W., Molefe, L. and Bruce, D. 2001. Crime and crime prevention on public transport - Reducing crime on public transport in South Africa appropriateness of crime prevention strategies. In Proceedings of the 20th South African Transport Conference, 16 – 20 July 2001. Pretoria.
42. Page, O., Moeketsi, P., Schurink, W., Molefe, L., and Bruce, D. 2001a. Crime and crime prevention on public transport. UNISA Press.
43. Peeters M and Beken T. 2017. The relation of CPTED characteristics to the risk of residential burglary in and outside the city center of Ghent. Applied Geography, 86, 283-291.
44. Schneider, R. H. and Kitchen, T. 2002. Planning for crime prevention: A transatlantic perspective. Routledge.
45. Schneider, R. H. and Kitchen, T. 2007. Crime prevention and the built environment. Routledge.
46. Shaw, C.R. and Mckay, H.D. 1942. Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquencies in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities. University of Chicago Press.
47. Smith, M. J. 2008. Addressing the security needs of women passengers on public transport. Security Journal, 21, 117-133.
48. Smith, M. J., and Clarke, R. V. 2000. Crime and public transport. Crime and Justice, 27, 169-233.
49. Thompson, K., Offler, N., Hirsch, L., Every, D., Thomas, M. J., and Dawson, D. 2012. From broken windows to a renovated research agenda: A review of the literature on vandalism and graffiti in the rail industry. Transportation Research Part A, 46(8), 1280-1290.
50. Vilalta, C. J. 2011. Fear of crime in public transport: Research in Mexico City. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 13(3), 171-186.
51. Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., and Yang, S.-M. (2012). The criminology of Place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford University Press.
52. Wilson, J. and Kelling, G. 1982. Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29-38.
53. World Bank 2015. Crime and urban violence in cities. Conflict, Crime and Violence Team of Social Development Department, Washington DC.
54. Wortley, R. 2008. Situational crime precipitators. In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, R. Wortley, 48–69. Willan.
55. Ziegler, E. H. 2007. American cities, urban planning, and place-based crime Prevention. The Urban Lawyer, 39(4), 859-875.
2. Ajayi, A.P., and Ajayi, D.D. 2013. Areal differentiation in crime in public transit bus stations in Ibadan. Journal of Transportation Security, 6(1), 1-12.
3. Ajayi, A.P., and Ajayi, D.D. 2014. Trend analysis of crime incidences and crime vulnerability differentials on urban transport facilities in Ibadan. Journal of Intelligent Transportation and Urban Planning, 2(2), 85-97.
4. Andresen, M. A. 2006. A spatial analysis of crime in Vancouver, British Columbia: A synthesis of social disorganization and routine activity theory. The Canadian Geographer, 50(4), 487–502.
5. Armitage, R. 2016. Crime prevention through environmental design. In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, R.Wortley, and M. Townsley. Routledge.
6. Armitage, R., & Joyce, C. 2017. Why my house? - Exploring the influence of residential housing design on burglar decision-making. In Re-building Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), R. Armitage, and P. Ekblom. Taylor and Francis.
7. Atlas, R., Sorensen, S., and Hayes, J. G. 2008. Understanding CPTED and situational crime prevention. In 21st Century Security and CPTED: Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention, Randall I. A., 53-78. CRC Press.
8. Batley, R., M., Rogerson, J., Nellthorp, M., Wardman, A., Hirschfield, A., Newton, J., Shires, L., Monchuk, R., Armitage, K., Sharratt, D., Johnson, P., and Chintakayala, P. 2012. Evaluating measures to improve personal security and the value of their benefits. Project Report. Rail Safety and Standards Board. Available: <http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/14650/> Accessed June 9, 2015.
9. Block, R., and Block C. R. 2000. The Bronx and Chicago: street robbery in the environs of rapid transit stations. In Analyzing Crime Patterns: Frontiers of Practice, Goldsmith, V., McGuire, P. G., Mollenkopf, J H., and T. A. Ross, 137-152. Sage Publications.
10. Brantingham, P. J., and Brantingham, P. L. 1993. Nodes, path, and edges: considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment. Journal of Environmental Criminology, 13, 3-28.
11. Brantingham, P. J., and Brantingham, P. L. 2008. Crime pattern theory. In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle, 78–93. Willan.
12. Breetzke, G. D., and Cohn, E. G. 2012. Seasonal assault and neighborhood deprivation in South Africa: Some preliminary findings. Environment and Behavior, 44, 641-667.
13. Cahill, M. E., and Mulligan, G. F. 2007. The determinants of crime in Tucson, Arizona. Urban Geography, 24, 582–610.
14. Cao, L., and Maume, D. J. 1993. Urbanization, inequality, lifestyles and robbery: a comprehensive model. Sociological Focus, 26(1), 11-26.
15. Clarke, R., and J. Eck. 2005. Crime analysis for problem solvers—In 60 small steps. Center for Problem Oriented Policing, Washington DC.
16. Cohen, L. E. and Felson, M. 1979. Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588-608.
17. Cozens, P. 2014. Think Crime! Using Evidence, Theory and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Planning Safer Cities. Praxis Education.
18. Cozens, P. M. 2002. Exploring crime and the fear of crime within the railway environment. Public Transport International, 51, 20-24.
19. Cozens, P. M. 2008. Crime prevention through environmental design. In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, R. Wortley, and L. Mazerolle. Willan Publishing.
20. Cozens, P. M., Neale, R. H., Whitaker, J., and Hillier, D. 2003a. Investigating personal safety at railway stations using ‘virtual reality’ technology. Facilities, 21(7/8), 188-193.
21. Cozens, P. M., Neale, R. H., Whitaker, J., and Hillier, D. 2003b. Managing crime and the fear of crime at railway stations—A case study in South Wales (UK). International Journal of Transport Management, 1(3), 121-132.
22. Cozens, P. M., Neale, R. H., Whitaker, J., and Hillier, D. 2004. Tackling crime and fear of crime while waiting at Britain’s railway stations. Journal of Public Transportation, 7(3), 23-41.
23. Cozens, P., and Love, T. 2015. A review and current status of crime prevention through environmental design. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 1-20.
24. Cozens, P., Saville, G., and Hillier, D. 2005. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328-356.
25. Crime Concern. 2004. People perceptions of personal security and their concerns about crime on public transport: Research findings. Department for Transport, United Kingdom.
26. Delbosc, A., and Currie, G. 2012. Modelling the causes and impacts of personal safety perceptions on public transport ridership. Transport Policy, 24, 302-309.
27. Dragu, V., Roman, E., and Roman, V. 2013. Quality assessment in urban public transport. Theoretical and Empirical Research in Urban Management, 8(3), 32-43.
28. Ekblom, P. 2011. Deconstructing CPTED… and reconstructing it for practice, knowledge management and research. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 17, 7-28.
29. Felson, M., and Boba, R. 2010. Crime and everyday life (4th Ed.). Sage Publications.
30. Jacobs, J. 1961. The death and life of great American cities. Random House.
31. Kinney, J. B., Brantingham, P. L., Wuschke, K., Kirk, M. G., and Brantingham, P. J. 2008. Crime attractors, generators and detractors: Land use and urban crime opportunities. Built Environment, 34(1), 62–74.
32. Lockwood, D. 2007. Mapping crime in savannah: Social disadvantage, land use, and violent crimes reported to the police. Social Science Computer Review, 25(2), 194–209.
33. Loukaitou-Sideris, A., Liggett, R., and Iseki, H. 2001. Measuring the effects of built environment on bus stop crime. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28, 255-280.
34. Ministry of Transport. 2015. Transport patronage statistics in Edo State. Edo State Government, Nigeria.
35. Moore, S. 2010. Preventing anti-social behaviour on public transport: An alternative route? Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 12(3), 176-193.
36. Newman, O. 1972. Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. Macmillan.
37. Newman, O. 1973. Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City. Architectural Press.
38. Newton A. D. 2004. Crime on public transport: static and non-static crime events. Western Criminology Review, 5(3), 25–42.
39. Newton, A. 2008. Study of bus route crime risk in urban areas: The changing environs of a bus journey. Built Environment, 34(1), 88-103.
40. Newton, A. (2014). Crime on public transport. In The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 709-720. Springer.
41. Page, O., Moeketsi, P., Schurink, W., Molefe, L. and Bruce, D. 2001. Crime and crime prevention on public transport - Reducing crime on public transport in South Africa appropriateness of crime prevention strategies. In Proceedings of the 20th South African Transport Conference, 16 – 20 July 2001. Pretoria.
42. Page, O., Moeketsi, P., Schurink, W., Molefe, L., and Bruce, D. 2001a. Crime and crime prevention on public transport. UNISA Press.
43. Peeters M and Beken T. 2017. The relation of CPTED characteristics to the risk of residential burglary in and outside the city center of Ghent. Applied Geography, 86, 283-291.
44. Schneider, R. H. and Kitchen, T. 2002. Planning for crime prevention: A transatlantic perspective. Routledge.
45. Schneider, R. H. and Kitchen, T. 2007. Crime prevention and the built environment. Routledge.
46. Shaw, C.R. and Mckay, H.D. 1942. Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquencies in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities. University of Chicago Press.
47. Smith, M. J. 2008. Addressing the security needs of women passengers on public transport. Security Journal, 21, 117-133.
48. Smith, M. J., and Clarke, R. V. 2000. Crime and public transport. Crime and Justice, 27, 169-233.
49. Thompson, K., Offler, N., Hirsch, L., Every, D., Thomas, M. J., and Dawson, D. 2012. From broken windows to a renovated research agenda: A review of the literature on vandalism and graffiti in the rail industry. Transportation Research Part A, 46(8), 1280-1290.
50. Vilalta, C. J. 2011. Fear of crime in public transport: Research in Mexico City. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 13(3), 171-186.
51. Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., and Yang, S.-M. (2012). The criminology of Place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford University Press.
52. Wilson, J. and Kelling, G. 1982. Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29-38.
53. World Bank 2015. Crime and urban violence in cities. Conflict, Crime and Violence Team of Social Development Department, Washington DC.
54. Wortley, R. 2008. Situational crime precipitators. In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, R. Wortley, 48–69. Willan.
55. Ziegler, E. H. 2007. American cities, urban planning, and place-based crime Prevention. The Urban Lawyer, 39(4), 859-875.
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Published
2017-09-17
How to Cite
Christopher A, W., & Adewumi I, B. (2017). Designing out Crime at Bus Terminals in Nigeria: An Exploratory Analysis. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH, 11(2), 2436–2446. https://doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v11i2.6365
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