Evaluation of Endogenous Sugars, Chlorogenic Acid and Caffeine Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v8i1.7376Keywords:
Coffee, Endogenous biochemical compounds, Somatic embryogenesis, Tissue cultureAbstract
Coffee is one of the most important cash crops cultivated in the world with great economic importance. During the induction of somatic embryogenesis, there are different endogenous compounds involved in the success or failure of the somatic embryogenesis response and these compounds determine the specificity of cellular responses. This present experiment identified and quantified endogenous sugars, chlorogenic acid and caffeine present during somatic embryogenesis of ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments were set up at Coffee Research Institute, Ruiru-Kenya between 2014 and 2016. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-monthold greenhouse-grown mother plants and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for endogenous sugars, caffeine and chlorogenic acid using HPLC. Generally, green embryogenic cultures contained more and higher quantities of the compounds. Glucose and fructose were highest (38.95 mg/g and 45.43 mg/g respectively) in leaf discs of brown non-embryogenic cultures. Sucrose was highest (62.15 mg/g) in embryos of green embryogenic cultures. Embryos of green embryogenic cultures had the highest chlorogenic acid (5.3 mg/g), whereas caffeine was highest (0.55 mg/g) in embryos of brown embryogenic cultures. Endogenous fructose and glucose inhibited embryogenesis, while sucrose, chlorogenic acids and caffeine promoted embryogenesis and are potential biomarkers for embryogenesis. Other biochemical compounds such as organic acids should be identified and their role in coffee somatic embryogenesis determined.
Downloads
References
Abdallah, Y.E.Y., Ibrahim, I.S., Abd-EL-Moniem, E.M., and Youssef, L.A. 2001. Incidence of some piercing– sucking insects in relation to morphological leaf characters, some chemical and nutritional components of some cotton cultivars. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 462, 807–827.
Aerts, R.J. and Baumann, T.W. 1994. Distribution and utilization of chlorogenic acid in developing coffea seedlings. Journal of Experimental Botany 45, 497-503.
Akita, M., and Takayama, S., 1994. Induction and development of potato tubers in a jar fermentar. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 36, 177-182.
Alemanno, L., Ramos, T., Gargadenec, A., Andary, C., and Ferriere, N. 2003. Localization and identification of phenolic compounds in Theobroma cacao L. somatic embryogenesis. Annals of Botany 92, 613–623.
Arnaldos, T.L., Munoz, R., Ferrer, M.A., and Calderon, A.A. 2001. Changes in phenol content during strawberry (Fragaria x ananasa), cv. Chandler callus culture. Physiologia Plantarum 113, 315-322.
Ashihara, H., Monteiro, A.M. Moritz, T. Gillies, F.M., and Crozier, A. 1996. Catabolism of caffeine and related purine alkaloids in leaves of Coffea arabica L. Planta 198, 334-339.
Attree, S. M., Pomeroy, M. K., and Fowke, L. C. 1992. Manipulation of conditions for the culture of somatic embryos of white spruce for improved triacylglycerol biosynthesis and desiccation tolerance. Planta 187, 395–404
Barz, W. 1977. Catabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds by plant cell cultures. In: Barz, W., Reinhard, E. and Zenk, M.H. eds. Plant Tissue Culture and its Biotechnological Application, p. 153-171. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Benson, E.E. 2000. Special symposium: In vitro plant recalcitrance. Do free radicals have a role in plant tissue culture recalcitrance? In Vitro Cell Dev. and Biol.-Plant, 36, 163–170. 1289
Bertrand, C., Noirot, M., Doulbeau, S., De Kochko, A., Hamon, S., and Campa, C. 2003. Chlorogenic acid content swap during fruit maturation in Coffea pseudozanguebaria: Qualitative comparison with leaves. Plant Science 165, 1355–1361.
Beruto, M., Cuiri P., and Debergh P. 1996. Callus growth and somatic embryogenesis in thalamus tissue of Ranunculus asiaticus L. cultivated in vitro: cytokinin effect and phenol metabolism. In Vitro Cell. and Dev. Biol. - Plant 32, 154–160.
Businge, E., Brackmann, K., Moritz, T, and Egertsdotter, U. 2012. Metabolite profiling reveals clear metabolic changes during somatic embryo development of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Tree Physiol. 32, 232-244.
Cochrane, M.P. 1994. Observation on the germ aleurone of barley: Phenol oxidase and peroxidase activity. Annals of Botany 73, 121-128.
Cvirková M., Binarová P., Eder J., Vágner M., Hrubcová M., and Zo? J. 1999. Effect of inhibition of phenylanine ammonia-lyase activity on growth of alfalfa cell suspensions culture: Alterations in mitotic index, ethylene production, and contents of phenolics, cytokinins and polyamines, Physiologia Plantarum 107, 329–337.
Dijkema, C., De Vries, S. C., Booij, H., Schaafsma, T. J., and Van Kammen, A. 1988. Substrate utilization by suspension cultures and somatic embryos of Daucus carota L. measured by 13C NMR. Plant Physiol. 88, 1332-1337.
Eldin, A.F. and Ibrahim, H.A. 2015. Some biochemical changes and activities of antioxidant enzymes in developing date palm somatic and zygotic embryos in vitro. Annals of Agricultural Science 601, 121–130.
Filonova, L.H., Bozhkov, P.V., Brukhin, V.B., Daniel, G., Zhivotovsky, B., and Von Arnold, S. 2000. Two waves of programmed cell death occur during formation and development of somatic embryos in the gymnosperm, Norway spruce. Journal of Cell Science 113, 4399-4441.
Flinn, B. S., Roberts, D. R., Newton, C.H., Cyr, D. R., Webster F.B., and Taylor, I. E. P. 1993. Storage proteigene expression in zygotic and somatic embryos of interior spruce. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 719–730
Friedman, J., and Waller, G. 1983. Caffeine hazards and their prevention in germinating seeds of coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology 9, 1099–1106.
Frischknecht, P.M., Ulmer-Dufek, J., and Baumann, T.W. 1986. Purine alkaloid formation in buds and developing leaflets of Coffea arabica: Expression of an optimal defense strategy? Phytochemistry 25, 613- 616
George, E.F. 1993. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Part 1: The Technology. Edington, Wilts: Exegetics Limited, p. 322 – 326.
Gibson, S.I. 2005. Control of plant development and gene expression by sugar signaling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8: 93-102
Gross, G.G., Janse C., and Elstner, E.F. 1977. Involvement of malate, monophenols, and the superoxide radical in hydrogen peroxide formation by isolated cell walls from horseradish Armoraciala pathifolia Gilib. Planta 136, 271–276.
Hrubcová M., Cvirková M., and Eder J., 1994. Peroxidase activities and contents of phenolic acids in embryogenic and non-embryogenic alfalfa cell suspension cultures. Biologia. Plantarum 36, 75–182.
Indu, E.P. 2004. Micropropagation of somatic embryogenesis and agrobacterium mediated transformation of Coffea canephora Pierre ex. Froehner. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Mysore. Retrieved from http://ir.cftri.com/149/1/1899_E_P_Indu.pdf.
Ivanov, I., Georgiev, V., Berkov S., and Pavlov A. 2012. Alkaloid patterns in Leucojum aestivum shoot culture cultivated at temporary immersion conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology 169, 206–211
Jaetzold, R., Schmidt, H., Hornet, Z. B., and Shisanya, C. A. 2007. Farm Management Handbook of Kenya. Natural Conditions and Farm Information. 2nd Edition. Vol. 11/B. Central Kenya. Ministry of Agriculture/GTZ, Nairobi, Kenya.
Kanabus, J., Bressan, R.A., and Carpita, N.C. 1986. Carbon assimilation in carrot cells in liquid culture. Plant Physiology 82: 363-368.
Kathurima, C.W. and E.K. Njoroge. 2012. Effect of different shade regimes on coffee quality. Proceedings ofthe 24th International Conference on Coffee Science ASIC held at San Jose, from 11th to 16th November, 2012. 1290
Keller, H., Wanner, H., and Baumann, T.W. 1972. Caffeine synthesis in fruits and tissue culture of Coffea arabica. Planta 108, 338-350.
Khosroushahi, A. D., Naderi-Manesh, H., and Simonsen, H. T. 2011. Effect of antioxidants and carbohydrates in callus cultures of Taxus brevifolia: evaluation of browning, callus growth, total phenolics and paclitaxel production. BioImpacts, 1, 37-45.
Laukkanen, H., Häggman, H., Kontunen-Soppela, S., and Hohtola, A. 1999. Tissue browning of in vitro cultures of scots pine: Role of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Physiologia Plantarum 106, 337-343.
Lipavská, H., and Konrádová, H. 2004. Somatic embryogenesis in conifers: the role of carbohydrate metabolism. In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology - Plant 40, 23-30.
Lipavská, H., Svobodová, H., Albrechtová, J., Kumstyrová, L., Vágner, M., and Vondráková, Z. 2000. Carbohydrate status during somatic embryo maturation in Norway spruce. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant 36, 260–267.
Liu, C., Yang, L., L and Shen, H. 2015. Proteomic analysis of immature Fraxinus mandshurica cotyledon tissues during somatic embryogenesis: Effects of explant browning on somatic embryogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 13692-13713.
Matthys-Rochon, E. 2005. Secreted molecules and their role in embryo formation in plants: A mini-review. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia series Botanica 47, 23–29
Mazzafera, P. and Magalhães, A.C. 1991. Cafeína em folhas e sementes de Coffea e Paracoffea. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, São Paulo, 14, 157-160.
Mazzafera, P., Wingsle, G., Olsson, O., and Sandberg, G. 1994. S-adenosylmethionine: Theobromine 1-Nmethyltransferase an enzyme catalysing the synthesis of caffeine in coffee. Phytochemistry 3, 1577-1584.
Molgaard, P., and Ravn, A. 1988. Evolutionary aspects of caffeoyl ester distribution in dicotyledonous. Phytochemistry 27, 2411–2421.
Mondolot, L., La Fisca, P., Buatois, B., Talansier, E., De Kochko, A., and Campa, C. 2006. Caffeoylquinic acid content and histolocalization in Coffea canephora developing leaves. Annals of Botany 98, 33–40.
Mösli, W.S., and Baumann, T.W. 1996. Compartmentation of caffeine and related purine alkaloids depends exclusively on the physical chemistry of their vacuolar complex formation with chlorogenic acids. Phytochemistry 42, 985-996.
Mounir, E.B. and Ismail, E.H. 2004. Characterization of two non-constitutive hydroxycinnamic acidderivatives in date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. callus in relation with tissue browning. Biotechnology 3: 155–159. pmid:15292581
Mucciarelli, M.S., Scannerini, M. Gallino., andMaffei, M. 2000. Effect of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid on tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L. cultured in vitro. Growth regulation in callus and organ culture. Plant Biosystems. 134(2), 185–192.
Navarro, B. V., Elbl, P., De Souza, A. P., Jardim, V., de Oliveira, L. F., Macedo, A. F., Floh, E. I. S. 2017. Carbohydrate-mediated responses during zygotic and early somatic embryogenesis in the endangered conifer, Araucaria angustifolia. PLoS ONE, 127.
Neuenschwander, B., and Baumann, T.W. 1992. A novel type of somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica. Plant Cell Reports. 10, 608-612.
Nic-Can, G. I., Galaz-Ávalos, R. M., De-la-Peña, C., Alcazar-Magaña, A., and Loyola-Vargas V. M. 2015. Somatic embryogenesis: Identified factors that lead to embryogenic repression. A case of species of the same genus PLoS ONE 106.
Nùrgaard, J.V. 1997. Somatic embryo maturation and plant regeneration in Abies nordmandiana Lk. Plant Science 124, 211-221.
Osborne, D. R., and Voogt, P. 1978. The analysis of nutrients of food. London: Academic Press.
Ozyigit, I.I., Kahraman, M.V., and Ercan, O. 2007. Relation between explant age, total phenols and regeneration response of tissue cultured cotton Gossypium hirsutum L.. African Journal of Biotechnology 61, 3-8.
Pescador, R., Kerbauy, G. B., Kraus, J. E., Ferreira, W. M., Guerra, M. P.., and Figueiredo-Ribeiro, R. C. L. 2008. Changes in soluble carbohydrates and starch amounts during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana Myrtaceae. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant 444, 289-299. 1291
Pressey, R. 1990. Anions activate the oxidation of indole acetic acid by peroxidases from tomato and other sources. Plant Physiology. 93, 798–804.
Quiroz-Figueroa, F.R., Méndez-Zeel, M., Larqué-Saavedra, A. and Loyola-Vargas, V.M. 2001. Picomolar concentrations of salycilates induced cellular growth and enhanced somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica tissue culture. Plant Cell Reports 20, 679-684.
Sánchez-Romero, C., Perán-Quesada, R., Barceló-Muñoz, A., Fernando Pliego-Alfaro, F. 2002. Variations in storage protein and carbohydrate levels during development of avocado zygotic embryos. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 40, 1043–1049.
Sartor, R.M., and Mazzafera, P. 2000. Caffeine formation by suspension cultures of Coffea dewevrei. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 431.
Strum, A., and Tang, G. 1999. The sucrose-cleaving enzymes of plants are crucial for development, growth and carbon partitioning. Trends in Plant Science 410, 401-407.
Treat, W.J., Engler, C.R. and Soltes, E.J. 1989. Culture of photomixotropic soybean and pine in modifiedfermentor using a novel impeller. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34, 1191–1202.
Tremblay, L. and Tremblay, F. M. 1991. Carbohydrate requirements for the development of black spruc Picea mariana Mill. and red spruce P. rubens Sarg. somatic embryos. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 27, 95-103.
Waller, G. R., MacVean, C. D. and Suzuki, T. 1983. High production of caffeine and related enzyme activities in callus cultures of Coffea arabica L. Plant Cell Reports 2, 109–112.
Yu, W.C., Joyce, P.J., Cameron, D.C. and McCown, B.H. 2000. Sucrose utilization during potato microtuber growth in bioreactors. Plant Cell Reports 19, 407-413.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All articles published in Journal of Advances in Linguistics are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
