INTERNAL CHARGE REDISTRIBUTION AND CURRENTS IN CANCEROUS LESIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24297/jab.v10i2.6328Keywords:
injury current, cancer wound, anti-injury current, Nernst-Plank equation, double layers, healing, regeneration, charge distribution, imperfect dielectrics, heterogeneityAbstract
The tissues in biological objects from the point of view of electromagnetic effects have to be modeled by not only their conductivity. The electric field induced double ionic layer, constructed by electrolytic diffusion, has to be counted. We describe this phenomenon by micro (frequency dispersion phenomena), and by macro (interfacial polarization), as well as more generalized by Nernst-Planck cells. The results are applied to cancerous tissues in the healthy neighborhood. Our objective is to show the space charge distribution and redistribution that generate injury currents and other internal currents in the development of cancer. We show some aspects of the theoretical basis of modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT, trade name oncothermia, also used name: nanothermia), which uses an anti-injury current in the micro-range to limit the proliferation process, similar to the macro-range electrochemotherapy (ECT) processes.
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References
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12. Foulds, IS., and Barker, AT. 1983. Human skin battery potentials and their possible role in wound healing. Br J Dermatol.109:515–522.
13. Cope, FW. 1969. Nuclear magnetic resonance evidence using D2O for structured water in muscle and brain. Biophys J 9:303–319.
14. Rosch, PJ., and Markov, MS. 2004. Bioelectromagnetic medicine. Marcell Decker Inc, New York.
15. Reid, B., McCaig, CD., and Zhao, M. et al 2005. Wound healing in rat cornea: the role of electric currents. FASEB J 19:379–386.
16. Barker, AT., Jaffe, LF., and Vanable, JW Jr. 1982. The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery. Am J Physiol 242:R358–R366.
17. Samuelsson, L., Jonsson, L., and Stahl, E. 1983. Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary tumors by electrolysis. Radiologie 23:284–287.
18. Song, B., Zhao, M., and Forrester, J. et al 2004. Nerve regeneration and wound healing are stimulated and directed by an endogenous electrical field in vivo. Journal of Cell Science 117(20):4681–4690.
19. Carbon, M., Wübbeler, G., and Mackert, B-M. et al 2004. Non-invasive magnetic detection of human injury currents. Clinical Neurophysiology 115:1027–1032.
20. Reid, B., Nuccitelli, R., and Zhao, M. 2007. Non-invasive measurement of bioelectric currents with a vibrating probe. Nature Protocols 2:661–669.
21. Mackert, B-M., Mackert, J., and Wübbeler, G. et al 1999. Magnetometry of injury currents from human nerve and muscle specimens using superconducting quantum interferences devices. Neuroscience Letters 262:163–166.
22. Song, B., Zhao, M., and Forrester, JV. et al 2002. Electrical cues regulate the orientation and frequency of cell division and the rate of wound healing in vivo. PNAS 99:13577–13582.
23. Zhao, M. 2009. Electrical fields in wound healing—An overriding signal that directs cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 20:674–682.
24. Huttenlocher, A. 2007. Wound healing with electric potential NEJM; 356:304–305.
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28. Cheng, K., Tarjan, P., and Oliveira-Gandia, M. et al 1995. An occlusive dressing can sustain natural electrical potential of wounds. J Invest Dermatol;104:662–665.
29. Zhao, M., Song, B., and Pu, J. et al 2006. Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase- and PTEN. Nature, 442:457–460.
30. Zhao, M., Forrester, JV., and McCaig, CD. 1999. A small, physiological electric field orients cell division; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; Cell Biology 96:4942–4946.
31. Zhao, M. 2009. Electrical fields in wound healing—An overriding signal that directs cell migration; Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 20(6):674–682.
32. McCaig, C.D., Rajnicek, A.M., and Song, B. et. al. 2005. Controlling Cell Behaviour Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential. Physiol. Rev. 85:943–978.
33. Song, B., Zhao, M., Forrester, J., and McCaig, CD. 2004. Nerve regeneration and wound healing are stimulated and directed by an endogenous electrical field in vivo; Journal of Cell Science 117:4681–4690.
34. Mackert, B-M., Mackert, J., Wubbeler, G., Armbrust, F., Wolff, K-D., Burghoff, M., Trahms, L., and Curio, G. 1999. Magnetometry of injury currents from human nerve and muscle specimens using superconducting quantum interferences devices; Neuroscience Letters 262:163–166.
35. Carbon, M., Wbbeler, G., Mackert, B-M., Mackert, J., Ramsbacher, J., Trahms, L., and Curio, G. 2004. Non-invasive magnetic detection of human injury currents; Clinical Neurophysiology 115:1027–1032.
36. Reid, B., Nuccitelli, R., and Zhao, M. Non -invasive measurement of bioelectric currents with a vibrating probe 2007. Nature Protocols 3:661–670.
37. Becker, RO. Selden G 1985. The body electric. Morrow, New York.
38. Becker, RO. 1990. Cross Currents. Jeremy P Tarcher Inc., Los Angeles.
39. Nordenstrom, BWE. 1983. Biologically Closed Electric Circuits: Clinical experimental and theoretical evidence for an additional circulatory system. Nordic Medical Publications, Stockholm, Sweden.
40. Nordenstrom, BWE. 1998. Exploring BCEC-systems, (Biologically Closed Electric Circuits). Nordic Medical Publications, Stockholm, Sweden.
41. James, AM., Ambrose, EJ., and Lowick JHB 1956. Differences between the electrical charge carried by normal and homologous tumor cells. Nature 177:576–577.
42. Binggeli, R., and Weinstein, RC. 1986. Membrane potentials and sodium channels: hypotheses for growth regulation and cancer formation based on changes in sodium channels and gap junctions. J Theor Biol 123:377–401.
43. Levin, M. 2007. Large-scale biophysics: ion flows and regeneration; Trends in Cell Biology, 17:261–270.
44. Mycielska, ME., and Djamgoz, MBA. 2004. Cellular mechanisms of direct-current electric field effects: galvanotaxis and metastatic disease. J Cell Sci 117:1631–1639.
45. Pu, J., McCaig, CD., and Cao, L. et al 2007. EGF receptor signalling is essential for electric-field-directed migration of breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 120:3395–3403.
46. Meng, X., Riordan, NH. 2006. Cancer is a functional repair tissue. Medical Hypotheses 66:486–490.
47. Nordenström, BEW. 1978. Preliminary clinical trials of electrophoretic ionization in the treatment of malignant tumors. IRCS Med Sci 6:537.
48. Nordenström, BEW. 1985. Electrochemical treatment of cancer. Ann Radiol 28:128–129.
49. Sersa, G., Miklavcic, D., and Cemazar, M. et al 2008. Electrochemotherapy in treatment of tumors. Eur J Surg Oncol 34(2):232–240.
50. The first international conference on the topic was in Beijing, China, 20–22 October 1992. (200 Chinese and 30 foreign participants, one-hundred-thirty-six papers were presented), from that time in every second year regularly held, special international organization (IABC) organized with the center in USA.
51. Watson, BW. 1991. Reappraisal: The treatment of tumors with direct electric current. Med Sci Res 19:103–105.
52. Miklavcic, D., Sersa, G., and Kryzanowski, M. et al 1993. Tumor treatment by direct electric current, tumor temperature and pH, electrode materials and configuration. Bioelectr Bioeng 30:209–220.
53. Xin, Y-L. 1994. Organization and Spread electrochemical therapy (ECT) in China. Eur J Surg S, 574:25–30; Xin Y-L (1994) Advances in the treatment of malignant tumors by electrochemical therapy (ECT) Eur J Surg S, 574:31–36.
54. Matsushima, Y., Takahashi, E., and Hagiwara K et al 1994. Clinical and experimental studies of anti-tumoral effects of electrochemical therapy (ECT) alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Eur J Surg S, 574:59–67.
55. Chou, CK. et al 1999. Development of Electrochemical treatment at the City of Hope (USA). Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine In: Bersani (ed) Kluwer Acad Press/Plenum Publ, pp. 927–930.
56. Xin, Y., Xue, F., and Ge, B. et al 1997. Electrochemical treatment of lung cancer. Bioelectromagnetics 18:8–13.
57. Robertson, GS., Wemyss-Holden, SA., and Dennison, AR. et al 1998. Experimental study of electrolysis-induced hepatic necrosis. British J Surgery 85:1212–1216.
58. Jaroszeski, MJ., Coppola, D., and Pottinger, C. et al 2001. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rat model, using electrochemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 37:422–430.
59. Holandino, C., Veiga, VF., and Rodriques, ML. et al 2001. Direct current decreases cell viability but not P-glucoprotein expression and function in human multidrug resistant leukemic cells. Bioelectromagnetics 22:470–478.
60. Susil, R., Semrov, D., and Miklavcic, D. 1998. Electric field-induced transmembrane potential depends on cell density and organization. Electro- and Magnetobiology 17:391–399.
61. Loewenstein, WR. 1999. The touchstone of life, Molecular information, cell communication and the foundations of the life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, pp. 298–304.
62. Bard, AJ., and Faulkner, LR. 2000. Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
63. Szasz, A., Szasz. N., and Szasz, O. 2010. Oncothermia – Principles and practices. Springer Science, Heidelberg.
64. Szasz, A. 2013. Electromagnetic effects in nanoscale range. Cellular Response to Physical Stress and Therapeutic Applications (eds. Tadamichi Shimizu, Takashi Kondo), chapter 4. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
65. Vincze, Gy., Szigeti, Gy., Andocs, G., and Szasz, A. 2015. Nanoheating without Artificial Nanoparticles, Biology and Medicine 7(4):249.
66. Andocs, G., Rehman, MU., Zhao, QL., Papp, E., Kondo, T., and Szasz, A. 2015. Nanoheating without Artificial Nanoparticles Part II. Experimental support of the nanoheating concept of the modulated electro-hyperthermia method, using U937 cell suspension model, Biology and Medicine 7(4):1–9.
67. Meggyeshazi, N., Andocs, G., Balogh, L., Balla, P., Kiszner, G., Teleki, I., Jeney, A., and Krenacs, T. 2014. DNA fragmentation and caspase-independent programmed cell death by modulated electrohyperthermia. Strahlenther Onkol 190:815–822.
68. Andocs, G., Meggyeshazi, N., Balogh, L., Spisak, S., Maros, ME., Balla, P., Kiszner, G., Teleki, I., Kovago, Cs., and Krenacs, T. 2014. Upregulation of heat shock proteins and the promotion of damage-associated molecular pattern signals in a colorectal cancer model by modualted electrohyperthermia. Cell Stress and Chaperones 20(1):37–46.
69. Qin, W., Akutsu, Y., Andocs, G., Sugnami, A., Hu, X., Yusup, G., Komatsu-Akimoto, A., Hoshino, I., Hanari, N., Mori, M., Isozaki, Y., Akanuma, N., Tamura, Y., Matsubara, H. 2014. Modulated electro-hyperthermia enhances dendritic cell therapy through an abscopal effect in mice. Oncol Rep.
70. Tsang ,Y., Huang C,C., Yang, K. L., Chi, M.S., Chiang, H.C., Wang, Y.S., Andocs, G., Szasz, A., Li W.T., Chi K. H. 2015. Improving immunological tumor microenvironment using electro-hyperthermia followed by dendritic cell immunotherapy, BMC Cancer 15:708.
71. Szasz, A., Iluri, N., Szasz, O. 2013. Local hyperthermia in Oncology – To Choose or not to Choose? Hyperthermia, Ed: Huilgol N.
2. Schwan, HP. 1963. Determination of biological impedances. In: Physical Techniques in Biological Research. Vol. 6, Academic Press, New York, pp. 323–406.
3. Schwan, HP., Takashima, S., Miyamoto, VK., and Stoeckenius, W. 1970. Electrical Properties of Phospholipid Vesicles; Biophysical Journal 10:1102–1119.
4. Leveen, H.H., Wapnick, S., Piccone, V., Falk, G.,and Ahmed, N. 1976. Tumor eradication by radiofrequency therapy. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 235:2198–2200.
5. Martinsen, OG., Grimnes, S., and Schwan, HP. Interface Phenomena and Dielectric Properties Of Biological Tissue; Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, pp. 2643–2652.
6. Mafe, S., Pellicer, J., and Aguilella, VM. 1986. Ionic transport and space charge density in electrolytic solutions as described by Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations; J. Phys. Chem., 90:6045–6050.
7. Schmuck, M., and Bazan, MZ. Homogenization of The Poisson-Nernst-Planck Equations For Ion Transport In Charged Porous Media; SIAM J on Applied Mathematics, 75(3).
8. Szasz, O., and Szasz, A. 2016. Heating, efficacy and dose of local hyperthermia. Open Journal of Biophysics, 6:10-18, http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=62874 .
9. LeVeen, H.H., Wapnick, S., Piccone, V., Falk, G., and Ahmed, N. 1976. Tumor eradication by radiofrequency therapy. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 235:2198–2200.
10. Szasz, A., Szasz, O., and Szasz, N. 2006. Physical background and technical realization of hyperthermia. In: Baronzio GF, Hager ED (eds) Locoregional Radiofrequency-Perfusional- and Wholebody- Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment: New clinical aspects, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 27–59.
11. Bryant, DM., and Mostov, KE. 2008. From cells to organs: building polarized tissue. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 9:887–901
12. Foulds, IS., and Barker, AT. 1983. Human skin battery potentials and their possible role in wound healing. Br J Dermatol.109:515–522.
13. Cope, FW. 1969. Nuclear magnetic resonance evidence using D2O for structured water in muscle and brain. Biophys J 9:303–319.
14. Rosch, PJ., and Markov, MS. 2004. Bioelectromagnetic medicine. Marcell Decker Inc, New York.
15. Reid, B., McCaig, CD., and Zhao, M. et al 2005. Wound healing in rat cornea: the role of electric currents. FASEB J 19:379–386.
16. Barker, AT., Jaffe, LF., and Vanable, JW Jr. 1982. The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery. Am J Physiol 242:R358–R366.
17. Samuelsson, L., Jonsson, L., and Stahl, E. 1983. Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary tumors by electrolysis. Radiologie 23:284–287.
18. Song, B., Zhao, M., and Forrester, J. et al 2004. Nerve regeneration and wound healing are stimulated and directed by an endogenous electrical field in vivo. Journal of Cell Science 117(20):4681–4690.
19. Carbon, M., Wübbeler, G., and Mackert, B-M. et al 2004. Non-invasive magnetic detection of human injury currents. Clinical Neurophysiology 115:1027–1032.
20. Reid, B., Nuccitelli, R., and Zhao, M. 2007. Non-invasive measurement of bioelectric currents with a vibrating probe. Nature Protocols 2:661–669.
21. Mackert, B-M., Mackert, J., and Wübbeler, G. et al 1999. Magnetometry of injury currents from human nerve and muscle specimens using superconducting quantum interferences devices. Neuroscience Letters 262:163–166.
22. Song, B., Zhao, M., and Forrester, JV. et al 2002. Electrical cues regulate the orientation and frequency of cell division and the rate of wound healing in vivo. PNAS 99:13577–13582.
23. Zhao, M. 2009. Electrical fields in wound healing—An overriding signal that directs cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 20:674–682.
24. Huttenlocher, A. 2007. Wound healing with electric potential NEJM; 356:304–305.
25. Becker, RO., and Selden, G. 1985. The body electric. Morrow, New York.
26. Becker, RO., 1990. Cross Currents. Jeremy P Tarcher Inc., Los Angeles.
27. Kloth, LC., 2005. Electrical Stimulation for Wound Healing: A Review of Evidence From In Vitro Studies, Animal Experiments, and Clinical Trials; Lower Extremity Wounds 4:23–44.
28. Cheng, K., Tarjan, P., and Oliveira-Gandia, M. et al 1995. An occlusive dressing can sustain natural electrical potential of wounds. J Invest Dermatol;104:662–665.
29. Zhao, M., Song, B., and Pu, J. et al 2006. Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase- and PTEN. Nature, 442:457–460.
30. Zhao, M., Forrester, JV., and McCaig, CD. 1999. A small, physiological electric field orients cell division; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; Cell Biology 96:4942–4946.
31. Zhao, M. 2009. Electrical fields in wound healing—An overriding signal that directs cell migration; Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 20(6):674–682.
32. McCaig, C.D., Rajnicek, A.M., and Song, B. et. al. 2005. Controlling Cell Behaviour Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential. Physiol. Rev. 85:943–978.
33. Song, B., Zhao, M., Forrester, J., and McCaig, CD. 2004. Nerve regeneration and wound healing are stimulated and directed by an endogenous electrical field in vivo; Journal of Cell Science 117:4681–4690.
34. Mackert, B-M., Mackert, J., Wubbeler, G., Armbrust, F., Wolff, K-D., Burghoff, M., Trahms, L., and Curio, G. 1999. Magnetometry of injury currents from human nerve and muscle specimens using superconducting quantum interferences devices; Neuroscience Letters 262:163–166.
35. Carbon, M., Wbbeler, G., Mackert, B-M., Mackert, J., Ramsbacher, J., Trahms, L., and Curio, G. 2004. Non-invasive magnetic detection of human injury currents; Clinical Neurophysiology 115:1027–1032.
36. Reid, B., Nuccitelli, R., and Zhao, M. Non -invasive measurement of bioelectric currents with a vibrating probe 2007. Nature Protocols 3:661–670.
37. Becker, RO. Selden G 1985. The body electric. Morrow, New York.
38. Becker, RO. 1990. Cross Currents. Jeremy P Tarcher Inc., Los Angeles.
39. Nordenstrom, BWE. 1983. Biologically Closed Electric Circuits: Clinical experimental and theoretical evidence for an additional circulatory system. Nordic Medical Publications, Stockholm, Sweden.
40. Nordenstrom, BWE. 1998. Exploring BCEC-systems, (Biologically Closed Electric Circuits). Nordic Medical Publications, Stockholm, Sweden.
41. James, AM., Ambrose, EJ., and Lowick JHB 1956. Differences between the electrical charge carried by normal and homologous tumor cells. Nature 177:576–577.
42. Binggeli, R., and Weinstein, RC. 1986. Membrane potentials and sodium channels: hypotheses for growth regulation and cancer formation based on changes in sodium channels and gap junctions. J Theor Biol 123:377–401.
43. Levin, M. 2007. Large-scale biophysics: ion flows and regeneration; Trends in Cell Biology, 17:261–270.
44. Mycielska, ME., and Djamgoz, MBA. 2004. Cellular mechanisms of direct-current electric field effects: galvanotaxis and metastatic disease. J Cell Sci 117:1631–1639.
45. Pu, J., McCaig, CD., and Cao, L. et al 2007. EGF receptor signalling is essential for electric-field-directed migration of breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 120:3395–3403.
46. Meng, X., Riordan, NH. 2006. Cancer is a functional repair tissue. Medical Hypotheses 66:486–490.
47. Nordenström, BEW. 1978. Preliminary clinical trials of electrophoretic ionization in the treatment of malignant tumors. IRCS Med Sci 6:537.
48. Nordenström, BEW. 1985. Electrochemical treatment of cancer. Ann Radiol 28:128–129.
49. Sersa, G., Miklavcic, D., and Cemazar, M. et al 2008. Electrochemotherapy in treatment of tumors. Eur J Surg Oncol 34(2):232–240.
50. The first international conference on the topic was in Beijing, China, 20–22 October 1992. (200 Chinese and 30 foreign participants, one-hundred-thirty-six papers were presented), from that time in every second year regularly held, special international organization (IABC) organized with the center in USA.
51. Watson, BW. 1991. Reappraisal: The treatment of tumors with direct electric current. Med Sci Res 19:103–105.
52. Miklavcic, D., Sersa, G., and Kryzanowski, M. et al 1993. Tumor treatment by direct electric current, tumor temperature and pH, electrode materials and configuration. Bioelectr Bioeng 30:209–220.
53. Xin, Y-L. 1994. Organization and Spread electrochemical therapy (ECT) in China. Eur J Surg S, 574:25–30; Xin Y-L (1994) Advances in the treatment of malignant tumors by electrochemical therapy (ECT) Eur J Surg S, 574:31–36.
54. Matsushima, Y., Takahashi, E., and Hagiwara K et al 1994. Clinical and experimental studies of anti-tumoral effects of electrochemical therapy (ECT) alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Eur J Surg S, 574:59–67.
55. Chou, CK. et al 1999. Development of Electrochemical treatment at the City of Hope (USA). Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine In: Bersani (ed) Kluwer Acad Press/Plenum Publ, pp. 927–930.
56. Xin, Y., Xue, F., and Ge, B. et al 1997. Electrochemical treatment of lung cancer. Bioelectromagnetics 18:8–13.
57. Robertson, GS., Wemyss-Holden, SA., and Dennison, AR. et al 1998. Experimental study of electrolysis-induced hepatic necrosis. British J Surgery 85:1212–1216.
58. Jaroszeski, MJ., Coppola, D., and Pottinger, C. et al 2001. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rat model, using electrochemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 37:422–430.
59. Holandino, C., Veiga, VF., and Rodriques, ML. et al 2001. Direct current decreases cell viability but not P-glucoprotein expression and function in human multidrug resistant leukemic cells. Bioelectromagnetics 22:470–478.
60. Susil, R., Semrov, D., and Miklavcic, D. 1998. Electric field-induced transmembrane potential depends on cell density and organization. Electro- and Magnetobiology 17:391–399.
61. Loewenstein, WR. 1999. The touchstone of life, Molecular information, cell communication and the foundations of the life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, pp. 298–304.
62. Bard, AJ., and Faulkner, LR. 2000. Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
63. Szasz, A., Szasz. N., and Szasz, O. 2010. Oncothermia – Principles and practices. Springer Science, Heidelberg.
64. Szasz, A. 2013. Electromagnetic effects in nanoscale range. Cellular Response to Physical Stress and Therapeutic Applications (eds. Tadamichi Shimizu, Takashi Kondo), chapter 4. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
65. Vincze, Gy., Szigeti, Gy., Andocs, G., and Szasz, A. 2015. Nanoheating without Artificial Nanoparticles, Biology and Medicine 7(4):249.
66. Andocs, G., Rehman, MU., Zhao, QL., Papp, E., Kondo, T., and Szasz, A. 2015. Nanoheating without Artificial Nanoparticles Part II. Experimental support of the nanoheating concept of the modulated electro-hyperthermia method, using U937 cell suspension model, Biology and Medicine 7(4):1–9.
67. Meggyeshazi, N., Andocs, G., Balogh, L., Balla, P., Kiszner, G., Teleki, I., Jeney, A., and Krenacs, T. 2014. DNA fragmentation and caspase-independent programmed cell death by modulated electrohyperthermia. Strahlenther Onkol 190:815–822.
68. Andocs, G., Meggyeshazi, N., Balogh, L., Spisak, S., Maros, ME., Balla, P., Kiszner, G., Teleki, I., Kovago, Cs., and Krenacs, T. 2014. Upregulation of heat shock proteins and the promotion of damage-associated molecular pattern signals in a colorectal cancer model by modualted electrohyperthermia. Cell Stress and Chaperones 20(1):37–46.
69. Qin, W., Akutsu, Y., Andocs, G., Sugnami, A., Hu, X., Yusup, G., Komatsu-Akimoto, A., Hoshino, I., Hanari, N., Mori, M., Isozaki, Y., Akanuma, N., Tamura, Y., Matsubara, H. 2014. Modulated electro-hyperthermia enhances dendritic cell therapy through an abscopal effect in mice. Oncol Rep.
70. Tsang ,Y., Huang C,C., Yang, K. L., Chi, M.S., Chiang, H.C., Wang, Y.S., Andocs, G., Szasz, A., Li W.T., Chi K. H. 2015. Improving immunological tumor microenvironment using electro-hyperthermia followed by dendritic cell immunotherapy, BMC Cancer 15:708.
71. Szasz, A., Iluri, N., Szasz, O. 2013. Local hyperthermia in Oncology – To Choose or not to Choose? Hyperthermia, Ed: Huilgol N.
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2017-09-20
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INTERNAL CHARGE REDISTRIBUTION AND CURRENTS IN CANCEROUS LESIONS. (2017). JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY, 10(2), 2073–2091. https://doi.org/10.24297/jab.v10i2.6328
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