Impact of microwave heated food on health

Authors

  • Nawal Ahmed El Ghazaly Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.
  • Eman Hashem Radwan Damnhour University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.
  • Horeya Said Abd El Gawad Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.
  • Karolin Kamel Damnhour University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.
  • Amel Barakat Damnhour University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24297/jab.v5i3.5566

Keywords:

Microwave, oxidative stress, heated food.

Abstract

Microwave has attracted a great deal of attention due to its increase usage in occupational environment, which leads to a large number of publications regarding health hazards of microwave. The aim of this research was to investigate the biological effects of microwave heated food on the blood and organs of the experimental mice.The present study had one goal is to evaluate the effects of  feeding on microwave heated food. These evaluations were done on male Swiss albino mice (pre (one month) and post (three months)-pubertal ages). All the results of albumin and bilirubin showed that an elevation in the levels of two parameters while, the protein concentration was decreased. The results showed decline in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase as well as increase in malondahyde concentrations according to the oxidative stress which leads to physiological disturbances. The results of the present study suggests that the microwave radiation has adverse effects on liver functions leading to histological and physiological impairment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Nawal Ahmed El Ghazaly, Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.

Zoology Department,

Eman Hashem Radwan, Damnhour University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.

Zoology Department,

Horeya Said Abd El Gawad, Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.

Zoology Department,

Karolin Kamel, Damnhour University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.

Zoology Department,

Amel Barakat, Damnhour University, Faculty of Science, Egypt.

Zoology Department,

References

[1] Abdel Aziz, I.; El-Khozondar, H. J.; Shabat, M.; Elwasife, K and Mohamed-Osman, A. (2010). Effect of electromagnetic field on body weight and blood indices in albino rats and the therapeutic action of vitamin C or E," Romanian J. Biophys., Vol. 20, 235-244. [2] Ahlbom, A., Bridges, J., de Seze, R., Hillert, L., Juutilainen, J., Mattsson, M.O., Neubauer, G., Schüz, J., Simko, M., Bromen, K.,(2008). Possible effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health – opinion of the scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks (SCENIHR). Toxicology 246, 248–250. [3] Amacher, D. E. (1998). Serum transaminase elevations as indicators of hepatic injury following the administration of drugs. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 27,119−130. [4] Attia, A. A. and M. A. Yehia, (2002). Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the low frequency electromagnetic field effect on thymus, spleen and liver of albino Swiss mice," Pak. J. Biol. Sci., Vol. 5, 931-937. [5] Au, D.W.(2004). The application of hist-cytopathological biomarkers in marine pollution monitoring: a review. Marine pollution Bulletin. 48:817-834. [6] Ayata, A.H; Mollaoglu, H. R; Yilmaz, O.; Akturk, F; Ozguner, and I. Altuntas,(2004). "Oxidative stress-mediated skin damage in an experimental mobile phone model can be prevented by melatonin," J Dermatol, vol. 31, pp. 878-83. [7] Banerjee, S.K.; Mukherjee, P.K and Maulik, S.K.( 2003). Garlic as an antioxidant: the good, the bad and the ugly. Phytother. Res. 17, 97–106. [8] Belyaev, I.Y.; Shcheglov, V.S.; Alipov, E.D.; Ushakov, V.D.(2000). “Nonthermal effects of extremely high-frequency microwaves on chromatin conformation in cells in vivo-dependence on physical, physiological, and genetic factors,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.48, no.11, pp. 2172- 2179. [9] Bowers, G.N. and McComb, R.B. (1984). A unifying reference system for clinical enzymology: aspartate aminotransferase and the International Clinical Enzyme Scale. Clin. Chem. 30(7): 1128-1136. [10] Brugnara, C.; Mohandas, N.( 2013). Red cell indices in classification and treatment of anemias: from M.M. Wintrobes's original 1934 classification to the third millennium. Curr Opin Hematol ; 20:222. [11] Burgert, T.S; Taksali, S.E; Dziura J, Goodman, T.R; Yeckel ,C.W and Papademetris, X. (2006). Alanine aminotransferase levels and fatty liver in childhood obesity: associations with insulin resistance, adiponectin, and visceral fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab;91:4287–4294. [12] Chaturvedi, C. M.; Singh, V.P.; Singh, P.; Basu, P. and Singaravel, M. (2011). 2.45 (CW) microwave irradiation alters circadian organization, spatial memory, DNA structure in the Brain cells and blood cell counts of male mice, mus musculus, Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 29, 23-42. [13] Chen, Z.; Meng, H.; Xing, G.; Chen, C.; Zhao, Y.; Jia, G.; Wang, T.; Yuan, H.; Ye, C.; Zhao, F.; Chai, Z.; Zhu, C.;ang, X.; Ma, B.; and Wan, L., (2006). Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo. Toxicol. Lett. 163 (2), 109–120. [14] Clark, J.M; Brancati ,F.L and Diehl, A.M.( 2003). The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol;98:960–7. [15] Chou, C.K. (2007). Thirty-five years in bioelectromagnetics research. Bioelectromag- netics 28, 3–15. [16] Collins, A.R.; Oscoz, A.A.; Brunborg, G.; Gaivo, I.; Giovannelli, L.; Kruszewski, M.; Smith, C.C. and Stetina, R. (2008). The comet assay: topical issues. Mutagenesis 23, 143–151. [17] Culling, C.F. (1974). Hand book of histopathological and histochemical techniques.P.150. [18] Daniel, S.P. and Marshall, M.K. (1999). Evaluation of the liver: laboratory tests. Schff's diseases of the liver,8th edn.USA; JB Lippincott Publications,;205-239. [19] Dasdag, S.; Bilgin, H.M.; Akdag, M.Z.; Celik, H. and Aksen, F. (2008). Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative–antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 22, 992–997. [20] Desai A, Shirode AR, Mittal B and Kadam VJ. (2011).Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Combating Infertility. Asian J Pharm Clin Res.2011;4(1):18-21 [21] Drury, J.A.; Nycyk, J.A. and Cooke, R.W.I. (1997). Comparison of urinary and plasma malondialdehyde in preterm infants. Clin. Chim. Acta 263, 177–185. [22] Dufour, D.R.; Lott, J.A.; Nolte, F.S.; Gretch, D.R.; Koff, R.S. and Seeff, L.B. (2000). Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. I. Performance characteristics of laboratory tests. Clin.Chem. 46, 2027–2049. [23] Eckel, R.H,Grundy, S.M and Zimmet, P.Z(2005). Themetabolic syndrome. Lancet;365:1415–28. [24] Ellman, G.L., (1958). A colorimetric method for determining low concentrations of mercaptans. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 74, 443–450.[25] Fang, Y.Z., Yang, S.,Wu, G., (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition 18, 872–879. [26] Farrell, G.C.; Chitturi, S.; Lau, G.K. and Sollano J.D.(2007). Asia-Pacific Working Party on NAFLD. Guideline for the assessment and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region: executive summary. J Gastroenterol Hepatol ;22:775–7. [27] Fernandes, C., Fontainhas-Fernandes A., Rocha E., Salgado M.A(2008). Monitoring plloution in Esmoriz-Paramos Lagoon, Portugal: Liver histological andbiochemical effects in Liza. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 145(13):315-322. [28] Finfer S, Bellomo R, McEvoy S, (2006). Effect of baseline serum albumin concentration on outcome of resuscitation with albumin or saline in patients in intensive care units: Analysis of data from the saline versus albumin fluid evaluation (SAFE) study. BMJ 2006; 333:1044. [29] Ford, E.S.; Li, C.; Cook, S. and Choi, H.K. (2007). Serum concentrations of uric acid and the metabolic syndrome among US children and adolescents. Circulation;115: 2526-32. [30] Fridovich, I.,(1995). Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 97–112. [31] Friedman SF, Martin P, Munoz JS. (2003).Laboratory evaluation of the patient with liver disease. Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. Philedelphia;Saunders Publication;1:661-709. [32] Gandhi, G.; Anita and Singh, P. (2005). Mobile Phone Users: Another High Health Risk Group. J Hum Ecol., 18 (2): 85-92. [33] Garaj-Vrhovac, Vojdic, S,. Fucic, A, D. Kubelka, D.(1996), Effects of 415MHz frequency on human lymphocyte genome, in: Proceedings of the IRPA9 Congress,Vol. 3, Vienna, ,pp. 604–606. [34] Gartner, L.P. and Hiatt, J.L. (2001).Color textbook of histology,2nd .,488-505. [35] Gaskill, C. L.,Miller, L. M.,Mattoon, J. S., Hoffmann,W. E., Burton, S. A., Gelens, H. C. J.(2005). Liver histopathology and liver and serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phophatase activities in epileptic dogs receiving Phenobarbital. Veterinary Pathology, 42, 147−160. [36] Gokcimen, A.; Ozguner, F.; Karaoz, E.; Ozen, S. and Aydin, G. (2002). The effect of melatonin on morphological changes in liver induced by magnetic field exposure in rats. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn.;79:25–31. [37] Gorczynska E, Wegrzynowicz, R.(1991). Structural and functional changes in organelles of liver cells in rats exposed to magnetic fields. Environ Res.;55:188–198. [38] Guney, M.; Ozguner, F.; Oral, B.; Karahan, N. and Mungan, T. (2007). 900 MHz radiofrequency-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative stress in rat endometrium: protection by vitamins E and C. Toxicol. Ind. Health 23, 411–420. [39] Guyton; Arthur; Hall and John (2006). "Chapter 26: Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control". In Gruliow, Rebecca (Book). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Inc. pp. 308–325. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1. [40] Hajimehdipoor , H;Sadeghi, Z;Elmi, S;Elmi, A;Ghazi-Khansari, M. Amanzadeh. Y. (2006).Protective effects of Swertia longifolia Boiss. And its active compound, swerchirin, on paracetamol-induced hepato toxicity in mice. JPharm Pharmacol;58:277–80. [41] Hanley, A.J; Wagenknecht, L.E; Festa, A; D’Agostino, R.B Jr and Haffner, S.M. (2007). Alanine aminotransferase and directly measured insulin sensitivity in a multiethnic cohort: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care ;30: 1819–27. [42] Harper, A.E. and Yoshimura, N.N. (1993). Protein Quality, amino acid balance, utilization, and evaluation of diets containing amino acids as therapeutic agents. Nutrition 9 (5):460-469. [43] Harrison ,G; Shapiro, I.M and Golub, E.E.(1995).The phosphatidylinositol-glycolipid anchor on alkaline phosphatase facilitates mineralization initiation in vitro. J Bone Miner Res; 10:568–573. [44] Henry, R.J; Cannon, D.C. and Winkelman, J.W. (1974). "Clinical Chemistry-Principles and Techniques", Harper&Row., 2 nd Ed. [45] Ilhan, A.; Gurel, A.; Armutcu, F.; Kamisli, S.; Iraz, M.; Akyol, O and Ozen, S. (2004). Ginko biloba prevents mobile phone-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Clin. Chim.Acta 340, 153–162. [46] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE), (2002). IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields with Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz–300 GHz. IEEE Std C95.3-, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York. [47] Irmak, M.K., Fadillioglu, E., Gulec, M., Erdogan, H., Yagmurca, M., Akyol, O., (2002). Effect of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on the oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. Cell Biochem. Funct. 20, 279–283. [48] Jauchem, J. (2008). Effects of low-level radio-frequency (3 kHz to 300 GHz) energy on human cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and other systems: a review of the recent literature. Int. J. Hyg.Environ. Health. 211, 1–29. [49] Jendrassik, L. and Grof, P. (1938) Biochem. 2,297: 81. [50] Kesari, K.K.; Kumar, S. and Behari J. (2011). Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductivepattern in male wistar rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164(4):546-59. [51] Kristic, D. D.; Dindic, B. J.; Sokolovic, D. T.; Markovic, V. V.; Petkovic, D. M. and Radic, S. B. (2005).The result of experimental exposition of mice by mobile telephones," TELSIKS 2005 Conference, Serbia, Montenegro. [52] Lita lee. (2001).Microwaves and Microwave oven (ph.D in Colorado university-Boulder). [53] Lowry, O.H.; Resebrough, N.J.; Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951) J. Biol. Chem 193:265. [54] Lykkesfeldt, J., (2007). Malondialdehyde as biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking. Clin. Chim. Acta 380, 50–58. [55] Maria A. Stuchly (1995). Health Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields. IEEE 351-367. [56] Marini, J.C.; Lee, B. and Garlick, P.J. (2006) .In vivo urea kinetic studies in conscious mice. J Nutr 136:202–206. [57] Marnett, L.J., (2002). Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology 181–182, 219–222. [58] Matsushita, K.; Selvin, E.; Bash, L.D.; Astor, B.C. and Coresh, J. (2010). "Risk implications of the new CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD- EPI) equation compared with the MDRD Study equation for estimated GFR: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study". American Journal of Kidney Diseases 55 (4): 648–59. [59] Mehta, R.L..; Kellum, J.A; Shah, S.V.; Molitoris, B.A.; Ronco, C.; Warnock, D.G. and Levin, A. (2007). Acute kidney injury network: Report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury.Crit Care 11: R31. [60] Meral, I., Mert, H., Mert, N., Deger, Y., Yoruk, I., Yetkin, A., Keskin, S., (2007). Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pits. Brain Res. 1169, 120–124. [61] Mohamed, F.A. Gad, N.S.(2005). Distribution of some Heavy metals in tissues of Oreochronis niloticus, Tilapia zillii and Glarias Lazera from Abuza'baal lakes and their impacts on some biochemical parameters and on the histological structures of some organs. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 9(1):41-80. [62] Morelli, A.; Ravera, S. Panjolis, I. ;Pepe, I.M .(2005). Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on membrane-associated enzymes, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 441,191–198. [63] Morsey, M.G and Protasowicki, M.(1990). Cadmium bioaccumulation and its effects on some hematological and histological aspects in Crap, Cyprinus carpio (L.) at selected temperature. A.cta 44-54. [64] Moussa, S.A. (2009). Oxidative stress in rats exposed to microwave radiation. Romanian J. Biophys.,19(2):149-158. [65] Moustafa, Y.M., Moustafa, R.M., Belacy, A., Abou-El-Ela, S.H., Ali, F.M., (2001). Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 26, 605–608. [66] National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) (2004). Advice on limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (0–300 GHz); Doc. NRPB 15: 1-35. [67] Nomura, N.; Matsumoto, S.; Nishimura, Y. (2006) .Disposition of exogenous urea and effects of diet in rats. Arzneimittel .56(3):258–266. [68] Nott, K. P., & Hall, L. D. (2005). Validation and cross-comparison of mri temperature mapping against fibre optic thermometry for microwave heating of foods. International Journal of Food Science and Technology,40(7), 723–730. [69] Novikov, V.V.; Kuvichkin, V.V. and Fesenko, E.E.(1999) .Effect of weak combined low frequency constant and alternative magnetic fields on intrinsic fluorescence of proteins in aqueous solutions, Biofizika, 44(2), 224–230. [70] Oh, S.Y.Cho, Y.K.Kang, M.S.Yoo, T.W.Park, J.H.Kim, H.J.(2006) .The assiocation between increased alanine aminotransferase activity and metabolic factors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Metabloism 55:1604-1609. [71] Oktem, F.; Ozguner, F.; Mollaoglu, H; Koyu, A. and Uz, E. (2005). Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900MHz-emitted mobile phone protection by melatonin. Arch Med Res. 36:350-355. [72] O’Neil, M.J.; Heckelman, P.E. and Koch, C.B. (2006) .The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 14th edition. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 9867. [73] Ortolani, E.L; Mori, C.S. and Rodrigues Filho, J.A. (2000) .Ammonia toxicity from urea in a Brazilian dairy goat flock. Vet Hum Toxicol 42(2):87–89. [74] Parkar, M. A, Ahmed, R. Abdullah, B. B, Patil, B. S, Das, K. K. (2010). Effect of cell phone exposure on physiologic and hematologic parameters of male medical students in Bijapur (Karnataka) with Reference to Serum Lipid Profile. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. Vol. 21 (2): 201-210. [75] Pashovkina, M.S.,I.G.Akoev.(2001). The liver enzymes which increase in hepatic diseases and toxic damage of liver cells,Biol.Radioecol.,41(1),62-68.[76] Paulraj, R. and Behari, J. (2004). Radiofrequency radiation effect on protein kinase C activity in rats' brain," Mutation Research,Vol. 545, 127-130. [77] Perricone, C., De Carolis, C., Perricone, R., (2009). Glutathione: a key player in autoim- munity. Autoimmun. Rev. 8, 697–701. [78] Purkins, L., Love, E.R., Eve, M.D., Wooldridge, C.L., Cowan, C., Smart, T.S., Johnson, P.J.,Rapeport, W.G.,( 2004). The influence of diet upon liver function tests and serum lipids in healthy male volunteers resident in a phase I unit. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57,199–208 [79] Quinlan, G.J.; Margarson, M.P. and Mumby, S. (1998). Administration of albumin to patients with sepsis syndrome: A possible beneficial role in plasma thiol repletion. Clin Sci (Lond):95:459–465. [80] Roosli, M.; Lortscher, M.; Egger, M.; Pfluger, D.; Schreier, N.; Lortscher, E.;Locher, P.; Spoerri, A. and Minder, C. (2007). Mortality from neurodegenerative disease and exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields: 31 years of observations on Swiss railway employees. Neuroepidemiology 28:197–206. [81] Sattar N, Scherbakova O, Ford I, O’Reilly DS, Stanley A, Forrest E, (2004). Elevated alanine aminotransferase predicts new-onset type 2 diabetes independently of classical risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and C-reactive protein in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study. Diabetes;53:2855–60. [82] Schindhelm ,R.K, Dekker, J.M and Nijpels G.(2007). Alanine aminotransferase predicts coronary heart disease events: a 10-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Atherosclerosis;191:391–396. [83] Schwartz, G.J. Muñoz, A. and Schneider, M.F. (2009). "New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 20 (3): 629–37. [84] Sert, C.; Mustatfa, D.; Duz, M.Z.; Aksen, F.; and Kaya, A. (2002). The preventive effect on bone loss of 50-Hz, 1-mT electromagnetic field on ovarectomized rats, J. Bone Miner. Metab., 6:345-349. [85] Shahryar, H.A.; Lot, A.; Ghodsi, M.B. and Bonary, A.R.K. (2009).Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phone on the T3, T4, and cortisol levels in Syrian Hamsters," Bull.Vet. Inst. in Pulawy,Vol. 53, No. 2, 233-236. [86] Shen, Y.H, Yang, W.S, Lee, T.H, Lee, L.T, Chen, C.Y, Huang, K.C.(2005). Bright liver and alanine aminotransferase are associated with metabolic syndrome in adults. Obes Res;13:1238–1245. [87] Stevens, L.A.; Coresh, J.; Greene, T. and Levey, A.S. (2006). "Assessing kidney function--measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate". The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (23): 2473–2483. [88] Stevens, L.A.; Coresh, J. and Schmid, C.H. ( 2008). "Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD". American Journal of Kidney Diseases 51 (3): 395–406. [89] Stopczyk, D.; Gnitecki, W.; Buczyn ski, A.; Kowalski, W.; Buczynska, M. and Kroc, A. (2005) .Effect of electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) – in vitro researches. Ann. Acad. Med. Stetin. 51,125–128. [90] Su, C.C, Wang, K, Hsia, T.L, Chen, C.S, Tung, T.H.(2006). Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with abnormal aminotransferase and postprandial hyperglycemia. J Clin. Gastroenterol; 40:551–4. [91] Terra RM, Junqueira JJ, Teixeira LR, Vargas FS, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Jatene FB. (2009). Is full postpleurodesis lung expansion a determinant of a successful outcome after talc pleurodesis? Aug;136(2):361-8. [92] Tietz NW, ed (1990). Clinical Guide to laboratory tests. 2nd ed. Philadelphina: WB Saunders; 26-29. [93] Tietz ,N.W.(1995). Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 3rd ed. [94] Usman, W. F. W. Ahmad, M. Z. A. Ab Kadir, M. Mokhtar, and R. Ariffin, (2012)."Microwave effect of 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz cw frequencies exposed to unrestrained swiss albino mice," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 36, 69-87. [95] Valenzuela, A. (1991). The biological significance of malondialdehyde determination in the assessment of tissue oxidative stress. Life Sci. 48, 301–309. [96] Veneman TF, Oude Nijhuis J, Woittiez AJ. (2004).Human albumin and starch administration in critically ill patients: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr; 116:305–309 [97] Verma, A.R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Rao, C.V.; Mathela, C.S. (2010). In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties and DNA damage protective activity of green fruit of Ficus glomerata. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 704–709. [98] Verschaeve, L. (2005). Genetic effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207, 336–341. [99] Verschaeve, L.( 2009). Genetic damage in subjects exposed to radiofrequency radiation.Mutat. Res. 681, 259–270. [100] Wan, Y., Chong, L.W., and Evan, R.M. (2007). PPAR-α regulates osteoclastogenesis in mice. Nature Med. 13(12):1496-1503. [101] Weiss, J.F.; Landauer, M.R.(2003). Protection against ionizing radiation by antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals. Toxicology, 189, 1–20. [102] Wu, A.H.B, ed. (2006).Tietz Clinical Guide to laboratory Tests, 4th ed.St.Louis:W.B.Saunders Company. [103] Wu, D.M., Lu, J., Zheng, Y.L., Zhou, Z., Shan, Q., Ma, D.F., (2008). Purple sweet potato color repairs Dgalactose-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by regulating the expression of synaptic proteins. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 90, 19–27. [104] Yurekli, A.I., Ozkan, M., Kalkan, T., Saybasili, H., Tuncel, H., Atukeren, P., Gumustas, K., Seker, S., (2006). GSM base station electromagnetic radiation and oxidative stress in rats. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 25, 177–188. [105] Zare, S., S. Alivandi, and A. G. Ebadi, (2007).Histological studies of the low frequency electromagnetic fields ef ect on liver, testes and kidney in Guinea pig," World Applied Sciences Journal, Vol. 2,509-511. [106] Zotti-Martelli, L., Peccatori, M., Maggini, V., Ballardin, M., Barale, R., (2005). Indevidual responsiveness to induction of micronuclei in human lymphocytes after exposure in vitro to 1800-MHz microwave radiation. Mutat. Res. 582, 42–52.

Downloads

Published

2014-09-16

How to Cite

Ghazaly, N. A. E., Radwan, E. H., Gawad, H. S. A. E., Kamel, K., & Barakat, A. (2014). Impact of microwave heated food on health. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY, 5(3), 703–720. https://doi.org/10.24297/jab.v5i3.5566

Issue

Section

Articles