The Impact of Undiagnosed Synaesthesia on the Interpretation of Structural and Functional MRI Images Connectivity Maps and Resulting Diagnoses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v15i11.4369Keywords:
Syanaesthesia, Structural MRI, Diffusion tensor imaging, Functional MRI (fMRI), Resting state fMRI, Brain connectivityAbstract
Synathesia is a condition in which stimulation of a sensory modality triggers another sensation in the alike or an unalike sensory modality. Currently, synaesthesia is deemed a neurological condition that engages unwanted transfer of signals between brain regions from one sense to another “crosstalk activationâ€. The probability that undiagnosed synaesthesia may impact the results of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Diffusion Tensor imaging (DTI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and resting state connectivity studies is high, given the multiple anatomical and functional connections within the brain. In this paper, the currently available literature to mark which sensations adjured by synaesthesia and how could this impact MRI different modalities. Our study found that synaesthesia can have an opaque impact on fMRI studies of sensory, memory and cognitive functions, and there is testimony to suggest structural connections in the brain are also mutated DTI measurements especially, it shows enhanced structural connectivity for synesthetes between brain regions, higher Fractional anisotropy (FA), as well as increased in the white matter integrity between some regions.. Given the low dispersal of synaesthesia, the likelihood of synaesthesia being a perplexing factor in DTI, fMRI studies of patient groups is small; however, determining the existence of synaesthesia is paramount for investigating individual patients especially Shizoherenia, and autistic patients.Downloads
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References
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[3] Konch, D., Gianotti, L., Mohr, C., and Brugger, P. 2005 Synesthesia: when colors count, Cognitive Brain Research, vol. 25, pp. 372-374.
[4] Lucas, V. 2004 What does synaesthesia mean? ACM Siggraph Reports, Available:www.siggraph.org/conferences/reports/s2004/exhibits/syna- esthesia.html. (Accessed date August,5 2016)
[5] Rouw, R., and Steven, H. 2007 Increased structural connectivity in grapheme-color synesthesia, Nature Neuroscience, vol. 10, pp. 792- 797.
[6] Gillard, J., Waldman, A., and Barker, P. 2005 Clinical MR Neuroimaging Diffusion, Perfusion, Spectroscopy. Cambridge University Press, sec. 1.
[7] Buxton, R., and Gillard, J. 2002 Introduction to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles and Techniques. Cambridge University Press.
[8] ROGERS, B., MORGAN, V., NEWTON, A., and GORE, J. 2007 Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRI. Magn Reson Imaging, Vol. 25, pp. 1347-57.
[9] Zamm, A., Schlauga, G., Eagleman, D., and Loui, P. 2013 “Pathways to seeing music: Enhanced structural connectivity in colored-music synesthesia, NeuroImage, vol. 74: pp. 359-366.
[10] Beeli, G., Esslen, M., and Jancke, L. 2007 Time course of neural activity correlated with colored-hearing synesthesia, Cerebral Cortex, vol. 10, pp. 1093-1099.
[11] Takahashi, R., Fujisawa, X., Nagata, N., Sugio, T., and Inokuchi, S. 2006 An fMRI study of Synesthesia: Brain activity in colored-hearing by listening to music, IPSJ SIG Technical Reports, vol. 90, pp. 105-108.
[12] Simner, J. 2006 Beyond perception: synaesthesia as a psycholinguistic phenomenon,Trends in Cognitive Science, vol.11, pp. 23-29.
[13] Steffie, N., Manjari, N., Genevera, I., and Eagleman, M. 2013 Neural Networks of Colored Sequence Synesthesia, The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 33(35): pp. 14098-14106.
[14] Nunn, J., Gregory, L., Barmmer, M., Williams, S., Parslow, D., Morgan, M., Morris, R., Bullmore, E., Cohen, S., and Gray, J. 2002 Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synesthesia: activation of V4/V8 by spoken words,†Nature Neuroscience, vol. 5, pp. 371-375.
[15] Zayed, N., Goodyear, B., and Smith, M. 2008 Is undiagnosed synaesthesia a confounding factor in the interpretation of MRI images?, 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vancouver, BC, pp. 5778-5781.
[16] Tomson, S., Avidan, N., Lee, K., Sarma, AK., Tushe, R., Milewicz, DM., Bray, M., Leal, S., and Eagleman, D. 2011 The genetics of colored sequence synesthesia: Suggestive evidence of linkage to 16q and genetic heterogeneity for the condition, Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 223,pp.48-52.
[17] Cohen, S. 1996 Is there a normal phase of synaesthesia in development, Psyche, vol. 2.
[18] Cytowic, R. 1995 Synesthesia: phenomenology and neuropsychology a review of current knowledge, Psyche, vol. 2, pp. 10-27.
[19] Mather, M., Mitchell, K., Raye, C., Novak, D., Greene, E., and Johnson, M. 2006 Emotional arousal can impair feature binding in working memory, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 18, pp. 614-625.
[20] Smilek, D., Dixon, M., Cudahy, C., and Merikle, P. 2002 Synesthetic color experiences influence memory, American Psychological Society, vol. 13, pp. 548-552.
[21] Koshino, H. 2008 fMRI investigation of working memory for faces in autism: visual coding and underconnectivity with frontal areas, Cerebral cortex, vol. 18.2, pp. 289-300.
[22] Brierley, B., Medford, N., Shaw, P., and David, A. 2004 Emotional memory and perception in temporal lobectomy patients with amygdala damage, Journal of Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.75, pp. 593- 599.
[23] Jing, H., Kuncheng, L., Ki, L., Dexuan, Z., Wei, W., Vanhui, Y., Bin, Y., Baoci, S., and Xiaolin, Z. 2005 Visual attention deficits in Alzheimer’s disease: an fMRI study, Elsevier Ireland Ltd: Neuroscience Letters, vol. 385, pp. 18–23.
[24] Phillips, M. 2007 Synaesthesia, Neuroscience for Kids, Available: www. faculty.washington.edu/chudler/syne.html. (Accessed date August,5 2016)
[25] Sperling, J., Prvulovic, D., Linden, D., Singer, W., and Stirn, A. 2006 Neuronal correlates of color-graphemic synaesthesia: a fMRI study, Cortex, vol. 42, pp. 295-303.
[26] Brown, R., Zlatescu, M., Cairncross, J., and Mitchell, J. 2005 Texture Analysis for Non-Invasive Identification of Brain Tumor Genotype from MRI, Fifth IASTED International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing (VIIP), Benidorm, Spain.
[27] Cohen, S., Harrison, J., and Goldstein, J. 1993 Coloured speech perception: is synaesthesia what happens when modularity breaks down? Perception, vol. 22, pp. 419-426.
[28] Fredrick, C. 2016 The science behind the story: the Skeekit-Woogle Test, Analog science fiction and fact, Available: www.analogsf.com/0602/behindthestory2.shtml (Accessed date August,5 2016)
[29] Newell, F., Barnett, K., Bargary, G., Mitchell, K., and Carvin, A. 2015 What is Synaesthesia, Synaesthesia Research Group, Available: www.tcd.ie/Psychology/synres/synaesthesia.html. (Accessed date June,5 2015)
[30] Sagiv, N., and Ward, J. 2003 Cross model interactions: lessons from synesthesia, Progress in Brain Research, vol. 155, pp. 263-275.
[31] Simner, J., Mulvenna, C., Sagiv, N., Taskanikos, E., Witherby, S., Fraser, C., Scott, K. and Ward, J. 2006 Synaesthesia: the prevalence of a typical cross-modal experiences,Perception, vol. 35, pp. 1024-1033.
[32] Rocca, M., Valsasina, P., Pagani, E., Bianchi-Marzoli, S., Milesi, Falini, J. A. 2011 Extra-Visual Functional and Structural Connection Abnormalities in Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, vol. 6(2).
[33] Crétien, V., and Froger, C. 2003 Personal profiles of color synesthesia: developing a testing method for artists and scientists, Leonardo, vol. 36, pp. 291–294.
[34] Crétien, V., and Froger, C. 2001 Assessing the strength of color synaesthesia in words, music, taste, and odor perception, NeCoSyn Scientific Report, Available: www.synesthesie.nl/pub, 2001. (Accessed date August, 5 2016)
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Published
2016-08-25
How to Cite
Zayed, N. (2016). The Impact of Undiagnosed Synaesthesia on the Interpretation of Structural and Functional MRI Images Connectivity Maps and Resulting Diagnoses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS &Amp; TECHNOLOGY, 15(11), 7227–7234. https://doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v15i11.4369
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