INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY

A comprehensive, integrated study of the topographical anatomy of the clavicle, its biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making about the surgical approach to mid-shaft fractures when applyi

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: The newly conceived intramedullary implants are_

Clavicle reduction and intramedullary stabilization pin (CRISP-G©).
Self-drilling intramedullary double-helix implant (SIDHI-G©); and
Fracture reduction intramedullary stabilization kit (FRISK-G©).

Closing arguments: The clavicle is not a guardrail. The design and kinematics of the clavicle are far more precise and sophisticated. If the clavicle fracture is not restored to its original state, the monolithic gear train formed by the clavicle and the scapula becomes a two-bone problem. Clinically and kinematically, the glenohumeral articulation, as the surrogate of the clavicle, suffers the most.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach when planning an intramedullary impl

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: The shape and form of the clavicle is neither S, z nor like the f-musical key, but rather resembles a swan’s neck. Therefore, fractures in its 3/5th and 4/5th sections lend well to an intramedullary implant. The primary function of an intramedullary device is to reduce and realign displaced fragments and hold them in place until there is sufficient stabilizing woven callus.

Stability depends on the length, diameter and interference fit of an intramedullary implant bridging the fracture. The antegrade approach to insert an IM implant is suitable for fractures in the 5/10th and 6/10th sections, and the retrograde approach for the 6/10th and 7/10th sections from the sternal end of the clavicle. There is less than 30 degrees of clavicle rotation under 90 degrees of arm elevation, which is less than 45 degrees of the screw turn or quarter of its pitch, so it can scarcely cause a significant loosening of a threaded implant.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach when planning an intramedullary impl

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: The anatomy of the clavicle and pectoral girdle evolved for flying, brachiation and overhead projectile delivery. To attain these functions, the clavicle acquires the ‘claviform’ architecture beginning in the embryo through foetus to maturity in adulthood.

The engineering design of the clavicle and its functional form is like an aeroplane propeller, or a propeller mimics the clavicle. The less recognised features of the clavicle include variable torsion, version, and screw twist with a differential screw pitch. The strength, power generation, and energy storage are enabled by its hyperbolic paraboloid architecture, making the clavicle a precision, force-generating cranking system.

The various curves and screw motion augment muscle force to lift, throw and accelerate a projectile. The mechanical properties of a hyperbolic paraboloid clavicle confer greater strength due to the optimal ratio of its longitudinal curves, which react to tension and compression simultaneously, thereby distributing loads more evenly along its length.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach when planning an intramedullary impl

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: Persistent shoulder ptosis due to malunion of the clavicle leads to “winging” and “scapular dyskinesis.” The resulting adverse involuntary kinematics of the scapula, with or without pain, influence the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint. The mechanical aetiology of scapular winging and dyskinesis requires a mechanical solution.

In an unattended clavicle fracture malunion, the eccentricity of the acromiohumeral synsarcosis hastens impingement injury to the rotator cuff and the long tendon of the Biceps brachii. The inflamed subacromial bursa becomes the source of pain. Prevent malunion of clavicle fractures, so that the subacromial space remains concentric in both protracted and retracted positions of the scapula throughout elevation of the arm.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach when planning an intramedullary impl

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: Fractures of the clavicle within the shoulder complex are a two-bone problem, as the forces from the clavicle are mediated through the scapula to the glenohumeral joint. An angular malunion in the third-fifth and fourth sections of the clavicle from the sternal end often results in a frustum following conservative management of its fractures. This is reflected in subtle or gross winging of the scapula and dyskinesis, which affect the glenohumeral articulation.

How biomechanical forces stimulate linear bone growth, which is mostly under compression, and correct torsional deformity at the cellular level in a mature callus, remains poorly understood. Whatever the ‘normal’ range of motion return in the adolescents with malunited clavicles, it is limited by remodelling potential and physical adaptations during recovery of muscle-length tension.

This part of the study delves into the fundamentals of kinematic biomechanics pertaining to a malunited clavicle.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach when planning an intramedullary impl

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: The failure of the Subclavius muscle to depress the clavicle, the open state of the sterno-costoclavicular joint, and the deep cervical fascial traction encircling the neck elevate the medial fragment. The persistent shortening of the clavicle with torsional deformity misaligns the scapula, causing subtle or even clinically significant posttraumatic mechanical “winging”.

For clavicle reconstruction, follow its anatomical plane to create clavicle-specific oblique slices and generate 3D Computed Tomography images for greater accuracy. Longitudinal bidirectional asymmetry exceeding 10 mm occurs in 7% of cases. The repositioning of the coracoid process indicates three-planar reduction of a clavicle fracture. The study recommends a five-view trauma series for clavicle fracture assessment and management.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of its mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach when planning an intramedullary

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: The bilateral clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton directly at the clavicular fossae of the manubrium sterni, indirectly to the first thoracic vertebra through the first rib, and soft tissue connectivity via the scapulothoracic synsarcosis, completing the pectoral girdle system.

The dual compartments of the sternoclavicular articulation offer multiplanar and multiaxial kinematic properties. In the presence of normal biomechanical architecture of the clavicle, the scapulothoracic synsarcosis enhances the versatility of the pectoral girdle and, along with a healthy acromiohumeral synsarcosis, provides uniform scapulohumeral rhythm and powerful overhead movements.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach when planning an intramedullary implant:

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Highlights: The characteristic serpentine shape of the clavicle makes it a precision machine for power transmission. The cross-sections of the expanded sternal end and the medial three-fifths of the medial curvature and lateral two-fifths are highly variable. Phylogenetically (origin and evolutionary development) and ontogenetically (individual development), the curvatures, torsion and version of the clavicle are related to the dorsolateral positioning of the scapula and force amplification.

On average, the variable torsion angle along the diaphysis of the clavicle is ~ 35 degrees. It is distinct from the version angle, which can be greater or less than it. Generally, the left clavicle tends to be longer than the right, and the right clavicle has a larger mid-shaft diameter. The male clavicle shows asymmetry across all parameters, including muscle and ligament footprints.

A comprehensive, integrated study of the clavicle: Its topographical anatomy, biomechanical architecture and function; pathological anatomy of mid-shaft fractures and the decision-making process for a surgical approach

Gandhi Harjeet Singh — Mon, 04 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The modernization of the clavicle is a continuous evolutionary process. It has been redesigned many times to its current form and function as the key link in the forelimb anatomy and director of the scapula to position the glenoid fossa under the head of the humerus. The clavicle bone is a forerunner to the development of the skeleton from its embryonic days, and it reaches maturity last of all for a special reason. Its intricate biomechanical architecture has evolved in tandem with the emergence of the erect human posture and bipedalism, and the postcranial elongation of the neck to facilitate a forward-facing horizontal gaze, necessitating a significant reorientation of the pectoral girdle musculature.

Modern lifestyles, both at work and during leisure, have led to trauma with varied disruptions in the continuity of the clavicle, resulting in simple and severely comminuted fractures across all age groups, with a bimodal distribution. In very young individuals, with greater potential for linear growth and limited remodelling, conservative treatment is acceptable. However, beyond mid-adolescence, the growth potential and remodelling are minimal. Therefore, to prevent malunion and dysfunction, the clavicle’s anatomy and biomechanical architecture must be fully restored to re-establish the patient-specific kinematics, as it plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of the pectoral girdle and the humerus.

This comprehensive nine-part study includes the topographic anatomy of the clavicle, an explanation of its unique biomechanical architecture, and the pathological anatomy of mid-diaphyseal fractures, malunion, and its complications. When and why choose the antegrade or retrograde approach for the insertion of an intramedullary implant? Finally, the newly conceived three intramedullary implant designs for the reduction and biological fixation of the mid-diaphyseal fractures of the clavicle are presented. The study is illustrated with several cadaveric dissections performed by the author, anatomy artwork, and sketches created in PowerPoint.

Main Title: Adaptive Cognitive Q-Learning–Based Security Model for Blockchain Protocols: Simulation and Experimental Evaluation on a Private Ethereum Network.

Rakotonanahary Fenitra , Robinson Hobihery Matio — Mon, 26 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rapid growth of blockchain technologies has enabled decentralized applications based on smart contracts and distributed consensus. However, the increasing number of attacks exploiting protocol logic and network dynamics highlights the limitations of traditional, static security mechanisms. This study proposes an adaptive cognitive security model based on a Q-learning agent to enhance the protection of blockchain protocols. The agent is designed to analyze transaction behavior, assess risk levels, and dynamically select appropriate countermeasures. The proposed approach is evaluated through a dual experimental framework combining large-scale simulation using SimPy and execution on a private blockchain environment implemented with Ganache. Experimental results show a detection rate of approximately 70%, no observed false positives, a response time close to one second, and a very low operational gas cost. These results demonstrate that reinforcement learning can effectively improve the adaptability and responsiveness of blockchain security mechanisms while preserving network performance and economic viability. The study confirms the potential of cognitive and adaptive approaches for building more resilient and autonomous blockchain security systems.