The effect of demographic characteristics on employment in Sub- Saharan Africa.

Francis Kamau  Ndung’u

doi:10.24297/ijmit.v16i.8939

Authors

Francis Kamau Ndung’u School Of Business, University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), Beijing China.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v16i.8939

Keywords:

economic sectors., working population, dependent population, Population stratification, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Abstract

This study aimed at establishing the effect of demographic characteristics on employment in Sub Saharan Africa. The study used data ranging from the year 1990 to the year 2015 that was obtained from the data banks of World Bank and FAOSTAT. The panel data that was obtained and used was for 30 Sub-Saharan African Countries. The traditional Neo classical production function was utilized in this study in estimating the regression results. Hausman test was carried out and it determined that fixed effects estimations were preferred to random effects and as a consequence, random effects estimations were made use of during the analysis of data. In establishing the relationship between demographic characteristics and employment, demographic characteristics, imports and services sectors variables were found to statistically and significantly influence employment. However, domestic capital was found to negatively influence employment though this was not statistically significant, while exports was found negatively and statistically significantly influencing employment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adams, P. (2015). Africa Debt Rising, Africa Research Institute publishers, Westminster, London, January 2015

Admassie, A. (2002). Explaining the high incidence of child labour in sub-saharan africa, African development bank, Blackwell publishers, 108 Cowley road, Oxford.

Adolwa, P., Bhorat, H., Bishop, R., Brooks, K., Brown, A., Diop, M., Winthrop, R. (2017). Foresight Africa: top priorities for the continent in 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/foresight-2018_full_web_final2.pdf

African Center for Economic Transformation (2014).Growth with Depth: The 2014 African Transformational Report. ACET Accra, Ghana.

Ahmed, S. Amer, March 2015. How Significant could Africa’s Demographic Dividend be for Growth and Poverty Reduction? Africa’s Pulse, World Bank, October 2014, p. 20.

Allen CR, Garmestani AS, Sundstrom S, Angele DG (2016) Ecological Resilience. International Risk Governance Centre, pp 19–22

Aggarwal, S., Francis, E., & Robinson, J. (2018). Grain today, gain tomorrow: evidence from a storage experiment with savings clubs in Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 134(March), 1–15.

Abu-Ghaida, D and S Klasen (2004) The Costs of Missing the Millennium Development Goal on Gender Equity. IZA DP, no 1031.

Ashford S.L (2007). Africa’s youthful population: risk or opportunity? Bridge. Population reference bureau Washington, DC 20009 USA

Baah-Boateng, W. (2016). The youth unemployment challenge in Africa: What are the drivers? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 27(4), 413–431.

Barlet, S., & D’Aiglepierre, R. (2017). Supporting youth insertion into the African labor market. Paris. Retrieved from: https://issuu.com/objectif developpement/docs/youth_insertion_web

Bigsten, A, (2012). Comparative Advantage and African Development, The Oxford companion to the economics of Africa, 2012, p. 169.

Boulhol Herve,( 2009)., The effects of population structure on employment and productivity economics department working papers no. 6

Bloom D. E. and McKenna M. J. (2015). Population, Labour Force and Unemployment: Implications for the Creation of (Decent) Jobs, 1990-2030, United Nations Development Programme 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA

Croppenstedt, A., Goldstein, M., & Rosas, N. (2013). Gender and agriculture: Inefficiencies,

Segregation, and low productivity traps. The World Bank Research Observer, lks024.

CREFAT (2016) Country Profiles for Burkina Faso, Chad, Cˆote d’Ivoire,Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. Thi`es, Senegal: Centre de recherches en ´economie et finance appliqu´ees de Thi`es (CREFAT).

Dekker. M. Simbanegavi. W., Hollander. S., Miroro. O. (INCLUDE) (2018). Boosting productive employment in africa: what works and why? Knowledge platform on inclusive development policies, Synthesis report series on productive employment. Published by Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, INCLUDE and NWO-WOTRO Science for Global Development, RIDSSA.

Dieterich, C., Huang, A., Alun, T. (2016). Women’s opportunities and challenges in Sub Saharan African job market. International Monetary Fund Research working paper, WP / 16 / 18

Dieterich, C.; Hakura, D. and Newiak, M. (2016), In the Driver’s Seat, Finance & Development, June 2016, 22 – 24.

Duflo, E. (2012), Women Empowerment and Economic Development, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 50, (4), 1051–79.

Filmer, D., & Fox, L. (2014). Youth employment in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: The World Bank publication.

Fox and Obert Pimhidzai, (2013), Different Dreams, Same Bed: Collecting, Using, Dreams, Interpreting Employment Statistics in Sub-Saharan Africa—The Case of Uganda, The World Bank Africa, Regional Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit May 2013.

Fox L, Senbet W.L, Sinbanegavi W. (2016) Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges, Constraints and Opportunities, Journal of African Economies, 2016, vol.25

Fox, L., Haines, C., Muñoz, J. H., & Thomas, A. H. (2013). Africa’s got work to do: employment prospects in the new century. IMF Working Papers (Vol. 13).

Forsythe, N, R Korzeniewicz and V Durrant (2000). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth. A Longitudinal Evaluation, Economic Development and Cultural Change. Employment Sector, international labour office, Geneva Switzerland.

Fox, L., & Sohnesen, T. P. (2012). Household enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa: Why they

Matter for growth, jobs, and livelihoods. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6184). Africa. World Development, 40(10), 2136–2154.

Frey, B.C., Osborne, M. (2015). Technology at work: The future of innovation and employment. Global Perspectives & Solutions, 1-108.Fry, M.J. (1993). FDI in a macroeconomic framework: Finance, efficiency, incentives, and distortions. Policy Research Working papers No. 1141. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Grootaert, C. and R. Kanbur (1995), ‘Child Labour: An Economic Perspective’, International Labour Review, Vol. 134, pp. 187–204.

Hakura, D.; Hussain, M.; Newiak, M.; Thakoor, V. and Yang, F. (2016), Inequality, Gender Gaps and Economic Growth: Comparative Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa, IMF Working Paper No. WP/16/111.

Haub C. and Kent M.M. (2005). Frequently Asked Questions About the PRB World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2005): 2

Iacovoiu, V. B. (2012). Impact of Capital Investments on Unemployment in the Context of Economic Crisis. The Case of Romania. Economic Insights-Trends & Challenges, 64(4).

ILO (International Labour Office) (1997a). Kenya Gets to Grips with Child Labour, ILO, Geneva.

ILO (International Labour Office) (1996a). Targeting the Intolerable, International Labour Office, Geneva.

ILO (International Labour Office) (2016), Child labour in Sub- Saharan Africa ILO, Geneva, Switzerland.

IMF African Department, (2013). Boom, Bust, or Prosperity? Managing Sub-Saharan Africa’s Natural Resource Wealth, International Monetary Fund. New York.—Washington, D.C.:

Kebebew, A. (1998), Statistics on Working Children and Hazardous Child Labour in Brief, Bureau of Statistics, ILO, Geneva.

Klasen, S. (2006), Gender and pro-poor growth, in Lukas Menkoff, ed. Pro-Poor Growth:

Policy and Evidence, pp. 151–71. Berlin: Dunker and Humblot.

Knowles, S., P.K. Lorgelly and P.D Owen (2002) are educational Gender Gaps a Brake on Economic Development? Some Cross-Country Empirical Evidence. Oxford Economic Papers 54 (1) pp 118–149.

Kumar R, Pal R (2018). India achieves WHO recommended doctor population ratio: a call. J Fam Med Prim Care 7(5):841–844

Mohsen, M., Maysam, M. (2013). The Causality between Capital Formation and Economic Growth in MENA Region. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 8, 1-7

Ndiili Nchimunya (2020). Unprecedented economic attack on Sub‑Sahara African economies:

Coronavirus. How severe is the perceived slump? Springer. Environment Systems and Decisions.

Stotsky, J G (2006). Gender and Its Relevance to Macroeconomic Policy: A survey. IMF Working Paper WP/06/233, Fiscal Affairs Department

Townsend, R., Benfica, R., Prasann, A., & Lee, M. (2017). Future of food: shaping the food system to deliver jobs. World Bank Group. Washington, DC

Turbat, May, (2017). The demographic dividend: A potential surplus generated by demographic transition. In H. Groth and J. F. May (eds.), Africa’s Population: In Search of a Demographic Dividend, Springer (forthcoming).

World Bank, October (2014). Africa's Pulse, Washington, DC: The World Bank Group.

World Bank (2020a). Joint Statement from the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund Regarding A Call to Action on the Debt of IDA Countries, 25 Mar 2020 Washington, DC: The World Bank Group.

World Bank (2020b). World Bank Group Increases COVID-19 response to $14 billion to help sustain economies, protect jobs, 17 Mar 2020. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group.

Worldometer (2020) www.World omete rs.info. Accessed

Yeboah, F. K., & Jayne, T. S. (2016). Africa’s evolving employment structure: causes and consequences. Paper presented at the FAO Technical Workshop on Rural Transformation, Agricultural and Food System Transition. FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy. September 19-20, 2016 Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-bp111e.pdf