JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS

Investigations on the Slow and Fast Coronal Mass Ejections for Solar Cycles 23 and 24

Debojyoti Halder — 2025-03-31

This study examines the characteristics of slow and fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) across solar cycles 23 and 24, focusing on variability in parameters such as speed, angular width, and kinetic energy and mass. Solar cycle 23, characterized by stronger solar activity, showed more variability in fast CMEs, particularly in parameters like angular width. This variability is potentially influenced by a power-law distribution in CME angular width, consistent with previous findings that indicate different expansion behaviors for slow and fast CMEs. This distribution suggests that expansion with propagation may contribute to the variability observed. Notably, slow CMEs showed early-cycle spikes in kinetic energy, while fast CMEs had energy peaks later in each cycle. The study also finds that CME speeds at 20 solar radii (20Rsun) are generally close to their linear speeds, with slight increases in variability for fast CMEs in cycle 24. Fast CMEs also demonstrate a stronger correlation with solar activity metrics across both cycles, indicating greater sensitivity to fluctuations in magnetic field and coronal conditions, especially with hemispheric activity levels. In contrast, slow CMEs exhibit greater variability between the cycles but are less correlated with solar activity, suggesting a stronger influence of internal CME dynamics. These findings emphasize the need for tailored CME propagation models, particularly for weaker solar cycles like cycle 24, where fast CMEs exhibit unique variability patterns. These findings emphasize the need for tailored CME propagation models for weaker solar cycles like cycle 24, where fast CMEs exhibit unique variability patterns.

Energy Band Structures of Group IV Elements Including Fullerene, Graphite, and Diamond Using the Quantum Quantitative Model

Dr. Tarek El Ashram — 2025-03-22

The crystalline accommodation law quantum quantitative model (CALQQM) gives the exact relation between the crystal structure and the electronic energy band structure. In addition, it could explain successfully the superconductivity at room temperature, energy levels, and work functions of materials. This model opens the way to reconsider the energy band structures of all crystalline materials according to it. Therefore, we aim to use CALQQM to determine the electronic band structures of group IV elements including their allotropes such as fullerene, graphite, diamond, and α-Sn. Here, we show a great success in determining the band structures of these elements. CALQQM predicted with high accuracy their electronic properties such as work functions, energy gaps, and spectra in a good agreement with experimental results. A perfect agreement between the calculated value (4.69 eV) and experimental value (4.69 eV) of the work function of fullerene 60 was obtained.

How to violate the first law of thermodynamics with an ASE of Papain and Newcomen before it was stated by Clausius

Ramon Ferreiro Garcia — 2025-02-23

This paper explores the historical and thermodynamic implications of the atmospheric steam engines (ASE) developed by Denis Papin and Thomas Newcomen in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These engines, which operated using vacuum-induced contraction rather than steam expansion, seemingly violated the first law of thermodynamics—conservation of energy—before it was formally articulated by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century. Papin's innovative approach utilized thermal contraction and atmospheric pressure to perform mechanical work, a method later refined by Newcomen. The engines achieved work through vacuum generation by condensing steam with cold water, a process that contradicted the conventional understanding of energy conservation as later defined by Clausius and Carnot. The paper analyzes the operational principles of Papin’s and Newcomen’s ASEs, highlighting how their contraction-based work led to an increase in internal energy while performing useful mechanical work, a phenomenon inconsistent with the first law of thermodynamics. The study also examines the transition from contraction-based engines to expansion-based systems, such as the Rankine cycle, and discusses the implications of these early engines on the development of thermodynamic theory. Through case studies and experimental evidence, the paper argues that the first law, as originally stated, fails to account for contraction-based work, suggesting a need for its revision to include such phenomena. The findings underscore the historical significance of Papin’s and Newcomen’s contributions to engineering and thermodynamics, while also raising questions about the completeness of classical thermodynamic principles.

The Origin Of Electric Charge And Its Relation To Closed And Open Strings In The Early Universe

David McGraw Jr. — 2025-02-23

The C-Neutralino, a particle of immense significance, is the primary particle that drives the beginning of our universe. The C-Neutralino decays into other particles, including protons and electrons. The C-Neutralino existed before the beginning of time. They were the catalyst for the start of our universe. As the C-Neutralinos start to collide in the early universe, temperatures rise. When temperatures become as hot 10100 degrees celsus our universe gets its start. We understand this as the Big Bang that happened at the beginning of our universe. The electric charge starts in the early universe during the first few minutes. The first moments after the Big Bang are called the quark-gluon plasma phase. In this phase, there are two different periods. The first period occurs right after the beginnings of the universe. The temperatures are so hot during the first few minutes that the quarks and gluons are strings. The top quark and the antibottom quark are strings during this time in the early universe. As they collide, they start to spin, oscillate, and rotate, becoming one quark. This heavy quark called the cd-quark, was responsible for developing electric charges in the early universe. This change in mass of the cd-quark is the true origin of electric charges. Electric charge is not mass dependent on mass amount but on mass change in the early universe. Charged particles have finite lifetimes. They are not stable like other particles.