JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS

Sayed`s Theory on Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravity Forces: Innovative Correlation of Electrodynamics and Gravity with Inevitable Violation of E=mc

2025-03-15T13:52:53+00:00

The unified universe is a function in the only Great Creator, Allah. The unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism was achieved in 1979 by Noble laureates. This article is a theory and outstanding approach for unification of electromagnetism and gravity forces. The Sayed`s electromagnetic-gravity force (SEMGF) equations were derived and generated by fusion of Newton, Einstein, Planck, Maxwell equations and Coulomb law. The violation of E=mc2 is remarkably concluded. The unified equations lead to introduce the effect of electromagnetic gravity force on the measured and calculated speed of light. The acceleration, wavelength, gravitational constant, Planck constant, and speed of light were also integrated to develop Maxwell`s equations. The magnetic to electric field ratio was postulated to be π. To verify some universal constants taking into consideration the electromagnetic gravity force, speed of light was served to be violated: ~ 6 x1016 m/s. The Planck force and acceleration were found to be in concordance with the calculated by SEMGF; 1.21029x1044 N and 5.6077x1051 m/s2 respectively. The calculated gravitational constant (G) and electrostatic charge (e) values are; 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2 and 1.602x10-19 C. Some values show differences that could be due to mutual and overlapping effect of the gravity and electromagnetism forces. It is a deep step for unification of gravity and electromagnetism.

Energy Band Structures of Group IV Elements Including Fullerene, Graphite, and Diamond Using the Quantum Quantitative Model

2025-03-01T13:00:46+00:00

The crystalline accommodation law quantum quantitative model (CALQQM) gives the exact relation between the crystal structure and the electronic energy band structure. In addition, it could explain successfully the superconductivity at room temperature, energy levels, and work functions of materials. This model opens the way to reconsider the energy band structures of all crystalline materials according to it. Therefore, we aim to use CALQQM to determine the electronic band structures of group IV elements including their allotropes such as fullerene, graphite, diamond, and α-Sn. Here, we show a great success in determining the band structures of these elements. CALQQM predicted with high accuracy their electronic properties such as work functions, energy gaps, and spectra in a good agreement with experimental results. A perfect agreement between the calculated value (4.69 eV) and experimental value (4.69 eV) of the work function of fullerene 60 was obtained.

How to violate the first law of thermodynamics with an ASE of Papain and Newcomen before it was stated by Clausius

2025-02-07T16:11:03+00:00

This paper explores the historical and thermodynamic implications of the atmospheric steam engines (ASE) developed by Denis Papin and Thomas Newcomen in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These engines, which operated using vacuum-induced contraction rather than steam expansion, seemingly violated the first law of thermodynamics—conservation of energy—before it was formally articulated by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century. Papin's innovative approach utilized thermal contraction and atmospheric pressure to perform mechanical work, a method later refined by Newcomen. The engines achieved work through vacuum generation by condensing steam with cold water, a process that contradicted the conventional understanding of energy conservation as later defined by Clausius and Carnot. The paper analyzes the operational principles of Papin’s and Newcomen’s ASEs, highlighting how their contraction-based work led to an increase in internal energy while performing useful mechanical work, a phenomenon inconsistent with the first law of thermodynamics. The study also examines the transition from contraction-based engines to expansion-based systems, such as the Rankine cycle, and discusses the implications of these early engines on the development of thermodynamic theory. Through case studies and experimental evidence, the paper argues that the first law, as originally stated, fails to account for contraction-based work, suggesting a need for its revision to include such phenomena. The findings underscore the historical significance of Papin’s and Newcomen’s contributions to engineering and thermodynamics, while also raising questions about the completeness of classical thermodynamic principles.

The Origin Of Electric Charge And Its Relation To Closed And Open Strings In The Early Universe

2025-01-20T23:59:41+00:00

The C-Neutralino, a particle of immense significance, is the primary particle that drives the beginning of our universe. The C-Neutralino decays into other particles, including protons and electrons. The C-Neutralino existed before the beginning of time. They were the catalyst for the start of our universe. As the C-Neutralinos start to collide in the early universe, temperatures rise. When temperatures become as hot 10100 degrees celsus our universe gets its start. We understand this as the Big Bang that happened at the beginning of our universe. The electric charge starts in the early universe during the first few minutes. The first moments after the Big Bang are called the quark-gluon plasma phase. In this phase, there are two different periods. The first period occurs right after the beginnings of the universe. The temperatures are so hot during the first few minutes that the quarks and gluons are strings. The top quark and the antibottom quark are strings during this time in the early universe. As they collide, they start to spin, oscillate, and rotate, becoming one quark. This heavy quark called the cd-quark, was responsible for developing electric charges in the early universe. This change in mass of the cd-quark is the true origin of electric charges. Electric charge is not mass dependent on mass amount but on mass change in the early universe. Charged particles have finite lifetimes. They are not stable like other particles.